Holographic calculation of BMSFT mutual and 3-partite information

We use flat-space holography to calculate the mutual information and the 3-partite information of a two-dimensional BMS-invariant field theory (BMSFT2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_2$$\end{document}). This theory is the putative holographic dual of the three-dimensional asymptotically flat spacetimes. We find a bound in which entangling transition occurs for zero and finite temperature BMSFTs. We also show that the holographic 3-partite information is always non-positive which indicates that the holographic mutual information is monogamous.


Introduction
The gauge/gravity duality provides a remarkable framework to study key features of the boundary field theory dual to some gravitational theory on the bulk side. The famous example of gauge/gravity duality is the AdS/CFT correspondence which proposes a duality between asymptotically AdS spacetimes in (d+1)-dimensions and d-dimensional conformal field theories [1].
Asymptotically AdS (AAdS) geometries are solutions of Einstein gravity with negative cosmological constant whose AdS radius is proportional to the inverse of the absolute value of the cosmological constant. If these spacetimes are expressed in a suitable coordinates, the large AdS limit (flatspace limit) of these spacetimes is well-defined and yields an asymptotically flat metric which is a solution of the Einstein gravity without cosmological constant. Correspondingly, one can think of the analogous operation on the field theory side. In [2][3][4], it was proposed that the flat-space limit of the gravity theory corresponds to the ultra-relativistic limit of the boundary CFT. According to [2][3][4], asymptotically flat spacetimes are holographically dual to the ultra-relativistic field theories which are BMS-invariant and we call them BMSFT . On the gravity side, BMS symmetry is the asymptotic symmetry a e-mail: m_asadi@sbu.ac.ir b e-mail: r_fareghbal@sbu.ac.ir of the asymptotically flat spacetimes at null infinity [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. On the field theory side BMS algebra is given by Inonu-Wigner contraction of the conformal algebra [4]. Thus the situation is similar to the AdS/CFT correspondence i.e. the asymptotic symmetry of the (d+1)-dimensional asymptotically flat spacetimes is the same as exact symmetry of the dual field theory. This duality is known as Flat/BMSFT correspondence.
In the context of Flat/BMSFT correspondence, one can study holographic description of BMSFT observables. An interesting non-local observable in field theory, with a well known dual gravity description, is the entanglement entropy. In fact, For a given sub-system A with its complement B, the entanglement entropy measures how much entanglement exists between the two sub-systems. Computing entanglement entropy for a generic field theory, is by no means an easy task . Nevertheless, it is possible to find universal formula for the field theories with infinite-dimensional symmetries such as two dimensional conformal field theories (CFT 2 ) [12][13][14].
For two sub-systems A and B , it is more natural to compute the amount of correlations (both classical and quantum) between these two sub-systems which is given by the mutual information. In fact, it is a finite quantity which measures the amount of information that A and B can share [15]. Subadditivity property of the entanglement entropy gurantees that mutual information is always non-negative [16]. Another interesting quantity to consider in this context is the 3-partite information which is defined for three disjoint sub-systems of a field theory and measures the degree of extensivity of the mutual information. Similarly, it is a finite quantity and for the field theories with holographic dual is non-positive [15].
Similar to CFT 2 , BMSFT 2 and BMSFT 3 are field theories with infinite dimensional symmetry. This may imply that the entanglement entropy (at least for simple intervals) could have a universal form. Study of the BMSFT entanglement entropy has been started in [17] and continued in [18][19][20][21]. An interesting holographic description for the BMSFT entanglement entropy has been introduced in [20]. The idea is very similar to that of CFTs in the context of AdS/CFT correspondence [23][24][25]. It was proposed in [20] that BMSFT entanglement entropy is given by the length of a spacelike geodesic in the bulk which is connected to the null infinity by two null geodesics.
In this paper we use the proposal in [20] to calculate holographically the mutual information and the 3-partite information of BMSFT 2 . We show that these two quantities, indeed, have desired properties expected for a field theory with holographic dual. We demonstrate that there is an interesting bound in which the mutual information takes a transition from positive value to zero known as "disentangling transition". Finally, we find that the 3partite information takes non-positive values which is consistent with [15].
The paper is organized as follows: In Sect. 2 we introduce the Flat/BMSFT correspondence. In Sect. 3 we briefly review the proposal of [20] to study the holographic entanglement entropy of BMSFT . Section 4 is devoted to the holographic calculation of BMSFT 2 mutual information. Section 5 contains computation of BMSFT 2 3-partite information by using flat-space holography. Finally Sect. 6 is designated for conclusions and discussions.

Flat/BMSFT correspondence
The asymptotic symmetry group (ASG) at null infinity of the asymptotically flat spacetimes is the infinite dimensional BMS 3 group whose corresponding algebra is given by where m and n are integers and the global part {L 0 , L ±1 , M 0 , M ±1 } are the generators of Poincare symmetry. The generators L m and M m are given by taking the flat-space limit of the generators of the asymptotic symmetry of the asymptotically AdS spacetimes [26,27]. The flat-space limit or, the zero cosmological constant limit, of the gravity theory is performed by taking the infinite radius limit of the asymptotically AdS metric.
It was proposed in [2][3][4] that the holographic dual of the asymptotically flat spacetimes is a one-dimension lower BMS-invariant field theory (BMSFT). This proposal is based on the observation that the result of Inonu-Wigner contraction of the conformal algebra in two dimensions is isomorphic to (2.1). Generators of the conformal symmetry in a two dimensional CFT on the plane are given by L n = −e inω ∂ ω ,L n = −e inω ∂ω, (2.2) where ω = t + x ,ω = t − x and {t, x} are spacetime coordinates. If one starts from the following two dimensional conformal algebra, and defines the linear combinations and scales coordinates as where is a constant, then it is not difficult to check that by taking → 0 limit , the BMS 3 algebra (2.1) will be generated [4]. The central charges of the conformal and BMS algebra are related by c L = c −c and c M = (c +c).
The correspondence between asymptotically flat spacetimes and BMSFTs is known as Flat/BMSFT. Using this duality one can find the universal properties of BMSFTs by merely performing calculations on the gravity side (see [28] for a complete list of related papers). In the rest of this paper we use the above mentioned duality to study the mutual information and 3-partite information of BMSFTs.

BMSFT entanglement entropy using flat-space holography
In order to perform the holographic calculation of the mutual and 3-partite information, we need to introduce the holographic entanglement entropy of BMSFT. In this section, we review the holographic entanglement entropy of CFT and BMSFT in the context of AdS/CFT and Flat/BMSFT correspondences.
For an arbitrary quantum field theory in d-dimensions, there are specific degrees of freedom associated with any spatial regions. If we decompose the total system into two sub-systems A and B, the total Hilbert space H becomes a direct products, For a given decomposition, one can ask how the degrees of freedom in the region A are entangled with those of the region B. One simple quantitative measure of this entanglement is the entanglement entropy. The reduced density matrix ρ A , for The boundary interval is the red line A, living on the future null infinity I + , ∂A 1 and ∂A 2 are the endpoints of interval on the boundary. The blue line γ is a spacelike geodesic. The two green lines γ + , γ − are null geodesics, then the entanglement entropy is given by 4G [20] the sub-system A, is given by tracing out the whole system density matrix, ρ, with respect to H B , Then the entanglement entropy is defined as the Von-Neumann entropy of ρ A , A holographic description of the entanglement entropy has been considered in the context of AdS/CFT in [23]. It is proposed that the entanglement entropy S A in a CFT can be holographically calculated by the RT formula [23][24][25], where A is a co-dimension two surface which satisfies ∂ A = ∂ A and is homologous to the region A in the boundary. G N is the Newton constant of the bulk theory. Therefore one can extremize the area of A to calculate the entanglement entropy.
In [20] the authors provide a nice holographic description of the BMSFT entanglement entropy. They pointed out that the holographic entanglement entropy is given by the length of a spacelike geodesic γ in the asymptotically flat spacetime which is connected to the null infinity by two null geodesics γ ± (Fig. 1). The holographic entanglement entropy formula in this case is similar to the RT-formula (3.4) and is given by If one characterizes the sub-system A in the BMSFT by (3.6) where u and φ are cut-offs to regulate the interval, then entanglement entropy of the above interval for the zero temperature BMSFT on the plane and finite temperature BMSFT on the cylinder are, respectively, given by where β u and β φ are thermal identifications of the coordinates in the thermal BMSFT. 1 In this paper we consider the BMSFTs dual to the Einstein gravity where c L is zero [9].

BMSFT Mutual information and its holographic calculation
In this section we start from definition of the mutual information in any field theory and then calculate BMSFT mutual information holographically.

Definition of mutual information
In a quantum field theory, entanglement entropy of a region A contains short-distance or high energy divergence. In fact, in an unregulated quantum field theory the entanglement entropy is formally divergent due to the presence of high energy singularities associated with the boundary law behaviour. However, there is a quantity, called the mutual information which is an appropriate linear combination of the entanglement entropy and remains finite in a quantum field theory. The mutual information of two sub-systems A and B is defined by, where S X denotes the entanglement entropy of the region X . Mutual information measures the total correlations between the two sub-systems A and B. Furthermore, it is positive semi-definite quantity that is proportional to the entanglement entropy when B ≡ A c , where A c indicates the complement of A, such that S A∪A c = 0. It was shown in [29] that

Holographic BMSFT mutual information in zero temperature
In the following we consider a two dimensional BMSFT living on a plane whose coordinates are (u, φ). Sub-systems A, B are two intervals depicted in (Fig. 2). For a single interval, the zero temperature entanglement entropy is given by (3.7). Thus S A and S B in the mutual information formula (4.1) can be easily computed. There are two different candidate configurations for calculation of the entanglement entropy of the union region S A∪B (Fig. 3). Similar to the holographic mutual information in the context of AdS/CFT [16,[30][31][32], S A∪B is given by one of these configurations which has minimal length. Depending on the length of intervals and their separation we have Thus, there is a critical point of parameters at which the minimum configuration is transitioned from the disconnected configuration to the connected one. Consequently, using (3.7), (4.1) and (4.2), for the two disjoint entangling regions depicted in (Fig. 2), the holographic mutual information becomes, The most significant point is that there is a bound for the choices of two sub-systems to have entanglement correlation. Furthermore, it can be easily shown that I (A, B) is positive for d l > b a . When I (A, B) = 0 the two sub-systems A and B become completely decoupled hence one can say that a disentangling transition occurs. Interestingly, according to (Fig.  2), there is a geometric interpretation of the transition point i.e. d l = b a which indicates that the intervals and their separation should be along a line. As a result, the intervals and their separation angles with φ-coordinate indeed determine the amount of correlation. Thus two large intervals with very small separation can be entangled or disentangled depending on their angles. This strange result is a consequence of extensions of intervals in the u-coordinate. We believe that the ultra-relativistic aspect of BMSFTs may justify this observation.

Holographic BMSFT mutual information in finite temperature
In this subsection we calculate the mutual information of two disjoint intervals (Fig. 2) of finite temperature BMFST. Using (3.8), S A and S B are easily obtained. Analogously, to compute the entanglement entropy S A∪B , there are two possible configurations (Fig. 3) which contribute to the mutual information in different ranges of parameters.
β u the entanglement entropy S A∪B is given by (4.5) Using (4.4) and definition of the mutual information (4.1), we find the holographic mutual information as, It is an easy task to show that I (A, B) is positive for γ < T . Similarly, one can clearly observe the transition of the mutual information from positive values to zero in finite temperature and hence an entangling transition occurs. Consequently, one can claim that BMSFTs in both zero and finite temperature regime respect the subadditivity condition [16]

S(A) + S(B) ≥ S(A ∪ B).
(4.7) The mutual information of the zero temperature BMSFT on the cylinder is obtained by using (4.6) if one substitutes β u = 0 and β φ = −2πi. In this case we have (4.8) In the limit l, a → 0, (4.8) is changed to (4.3) which can be considered as a consistency check of our calculation.

BMSFT 3-partite information and its holographic calculation
Another useful and interesting quantity that can be defined by using the entanglement entropy, is the 3-partite information, where A, B and C are three disjoint regions and S A∪B∪C is the entanglement entropy for the union of three sub-systems. Similar to the mutual information, 3-partite information is free of divergences and finite. This quantity can also be positive, negative or zero depending on the underlying field theory [22]. However, it has been shown that for a field theory with a holographic dual the 3-partite information is always non-positive, i.e. I 3 (A, B, C) ≤ 0 [15]. I 3 is a measure of Accordingly, the mutual information is subextensive when I 3 > 0, extensive when I 3 = 0 and superextensive when I 3 < 0. In either the extensive or the superextensive case the mutual information is said to be monogamous. 3-partite information of the sub-systems in the field theories which have holographic dual can be calculated by using holographic methods. In [16] the authors considered quantum systems whose gravity duals are Vaidya spacetimes in three and four dimensions. They showed that when the null energy condition is violated the holographic 3-partite information takes positive values for specific ranges of time. As a result, the holographic mutual information becomes non monogamous. In other words, they find that the null energy condition is a necessary condition both for the strong subadditivity of the holographic entanglement entropy and for the monogamy of the holographic mutual information.
In the rest of this paper we use Flat/BMSFT correspondence to calculate the BMSFT 3-partite information. Among the terms occurring in the definition of the holographic 3partite information, (5.1), computation of S A∪B∪C is more challenging.
Here, we consider a 2-dimensional BMSFT living on a plane whose coordinates are denoted by (u, φ). The three disjoint intervals A, B, C are depicted in (Fig. 4). In order to calculate the holographic 3-partite information of these subsystems, it is necessary to compute S A∪B∪C at first stage. In principle, for N entangling regions (or N intervals ) one should compare (2N −1)!! configurations, which is 15 in our case (N = 3). However, it has been shown that for N = 3 we are left only with the four independent candidates which are schematically shown in (Fig. 5) [16]. Thus, S A∪B∪C is given by the minimum area of the underlying configurations. If we consider zero temperature BMSFT, using (3.7), we find the following expressions for the union of two and three intervals 3)

4)
(5.5) Substituting these results into (5.1) the holographic 3-partite information of the zero temperature BMSFT reads, (5.6) Using (3.7) and (5.6), it is not difficult to show that the 3partite information is always negative for d l > b a . Consequently, the holographic mutual information of the zero temperature BMSFT becomes monogamous which is consistent with [15].
The main subtlety to calculate the entanglement entropy of union of sub-systems also appears in the computation of 3partite information of the finite temperature BMSFT. In order to compute S A∪B∪C , we need to use (3.8) to find the minimal surface among the configurations in (Fig. 5). To obtain clear analytic results, we have to do this calculation in particular limits.
In the limit a, l << 1, we obtain In the latter case, it is straight forward to show that Consequently, the 3-partite information of the finite temperature BMSFT is non-positive in both very large and very small intervals a, l. Since expression of I 3 (A, B, C) is continuous between these two limits, it increases from negative values in a, l << 1 to zero in a, l >> 1. Subsequently, the mutual information of the finite temperature BMSFT is also monogamous

Conclusion
In this paper, using flat-space holography, we studied the holographic mutual information of a two dimensional BMSFT which is dual to three dimensional asymptotically flat spacetimes. We found that, in both zero and finite temperature regimes, the mutual information does respect the strong subadditivity inequality which states that I (A, B) ≥ 0. In other words, a disentangling transition occurs as two subsystems become decoupled. Furthermore, there is a bound for the choices of sub-systems of BMSFT above which there is non-vanishing correlation between the two subsystems. Considering the holographic 3-partite information, we observed that the holographic mutual information is monogamous i.e. I 3 (A, B, C) ≤ 0.
The appearance of both the disentangling transition and the monogamous mutual information are common and important properties which one expects in holographic theories. In this sense, BMSFTs as the dual of asymptotically flat spacetimes are not very strange theories. However, in order to get non-zero mutual and 3-partite information the intervals must be extended in the time coordinate. Since BMSFTs are ultra-relativistic theories dividing intervals into spacelike, timelike and null dose not have clear meaning and this fact should be considered to justify the unusual resultant bounds. The uncommon increase or decrease of BMSFT npartite information might have its roots in the time-dependent intervals. The consequences of this weird behaviour of npartite information is an interesting subject for the future works.