Search for supersymmetry at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV in final states with jets and two same-sign leptons or three leptons with the ATLAS detector

A search for strongly produced supersymmetric particles is conducted using signatures involving multiple energetic jets and either two isolated leptons ($e$ or $\mu$) with the same electric charge or at least three isolated leptons. The search also utilises $b$-tagged jets, missing transverse momentum and other observables to extend its sensitivity. The analysis uses a data sample of proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb$^{-1}$. No significant excess over the Standard Model expectation is observed. The results are interpreted in several simplified supersymmetric models and extend the exclusion limits from previous searches. In the context of exclusive production and simplified decay modes, gluino masses are excluded at 95% confidence level up to 1.1-1.3 TeV for light neutralinos (depending on the decay channel), and bottom squark masses are also excluded up to 540 GeV. In the former scenarios, neutralino masses are also excluded up to 550-850 GeV for gluino masses around 1 TeV.


Introduction
Supersymmetry (SUSY) [1][2][3][4][5][6] is one of the most studied frameworks to extend the Standard Model (SM) beyond the electroweak scale; a general review can be found in Ref. [7].In its minimal realisation (MSSM) [8,9] it predicts a new bosonic (fermionic) partner for each fundamental SM fermion (boson), as well as an additional Higgs doublet.If R-parity is conserved [10] the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) is stable and is typically the lightest neutralino 1 χ0 1 .Only such scenarios are considered in this paper.In many models, the LSP can be a viable dark matter candidate [11,12] and produce collider signatures with large missing transverse momentum.
In order to address the SM hierarchy problem with SUSY models [13][14][15][16], TeV-scale masses are required [17,18] for the partners of the gluons (gluinos g) and of the top quark chiral degrees of freedom (top squarks tL and tR ), due to the large top Yukawa coupling.The latter also favours significant tL -tR mixing, so that the lighter mass eigenstate t1 is in many scenarios lighter than the other squarks [19,20].Bottom squarks may also be light, being bound to top squarks by S U(2) L invariance.This leads to potentially large production cross-sections for gluino pairs (gg), top-antitop squark pairs ( t1 t * 1 ) and bottomantibottom squark pairs ( b1 b * 1 ) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [21].Production of isolated leptons may arise in the cascade decays of those superpartners to SM quarks and neutralinos χ0 1 , via intermediate neutralinos χ0 2,3,4 or charginos χ± 1,2 that in turn lead to W, Z or Higgs bosons, or to lepton superpartners (sleptons).Lighter third-generation squarks would also enhance g → t t * 1 or g → b b * 1 branching ratios over the generic decays involving light-flavour squarks, favouring the production of heavy flavour quarks and, in the case of top quarks, additional leptons.This paper presents a search for SUSY in final states with two leptons (electrons or muons) of the same electric charge (referred to as same-sign (SS) leptons) [22] or three leptons (3L) in any charge combination, jets and missing transverse momentum ( p miss T , whose magnitude is referred to as E miss T ).It is an extension to √ s = 13 TeV of an earlier search performed by ATLAS with √ s = 8 TeV data [23], and uses the data collected by the ATLAS experiment [24] in proton-proton (pp) collisions during 2015.Despite the much lower integrated luminosity collected at √ s = 13 TeV compared to that collected at √ s = 8 TeV, a similar or improved sensitivity at √ s = 13 TeV is expected due to the much larger cross-sections predicted for the production of SUSY particles with masses at the TeV scale.A similar search for SUSY in this topology was also performed by the CMS Collaboration [25] at √ s = 8 TeV.While the same-sign leptons signature is present in many scenarios of physics beyond the SM (BSM), SM processes leading to such final states have very small cross-sections.Compared to many other BSM searches, analyses based on same-sign leptons therefore allow the use of looser kinematic requirements (for example, on E miss T or the momentum of jets and leptons), preserving sensitivity to scenarios with small mass differences between gluinos/squarks and the LSP, or in which R-parity is not conserved [23].
The sensitivity to a wide range of models is illustrated by the interpretation of the results in the context of four different SUSY benchmark processes that may lead to same-sign or three-lepton signatures.The first two scenarios focus on gluino pair production with generic decays into light quarks and multiple leptons, either involving light sleptons, g → q q χ0 2 → q q ˜ * → q q + − χ0 1 (Fig. 1(a)), or mediated by a cascade involving χ± 1 and χ0 2 , g → q q χ± 1 → q q W ± χ0 2 → q q W ± Z χ0 1 (Fig. 1(b)).The other two scenarios are motivated by the expectation that the third-generation squarks are lighter than the other squarks and target the direct production of b1 b * 1 pairs with subsequent chargino-mediated b1 → tW − χ0 1 decays (Fig. 1(c)) or the production of gg pairs decaying as g → t t χ0 1 via an off-shell top squark (Fig. 1(d)).
Four signal regions (SRs) are designed to achieve good sensitivity for these SUSY scenarios, mainly characterised by the number of b-tagged jets or reconstructed leptons.They are detailed in Section 4, preceded by descriptions of the experimental apparatus (Section 2) and the simulated samples (Section 3).Section 5 is devoted to the estimation of the contribution from SM processes to the signal regions, validated by comparisons with data in dedicated regions.The results are presented in Section 6, together with the statistical tests used to interpret the results in the context of the SUSY benchmark scenarios.Finally, Section 7 summarises the main conclusions of this paper.

The ATLAS detector
The ATLAS experiment [24] is a multi-purpose particle detector with a forward-backward symmetric cylindrical geometry and nearly 4π coverage in solid angle. 2 The interaction point is surrounded by an inner detector (ID), a calorimeter system, and a muon spectrometer.
The ID provides precision tracking of charged particles for pseudorapidities |η| < 2.5 and is surrounded by a superconducting solenoid providing a 2 T axial magnetic field.It consists of pixel and silicon-microstrip detectors inside a transition radiation tracker.One significant upgrade for the √ s = 13 TeV running period is the presence of the Insertable B-Layer [26], an additional pixel layer close to the interaction point, which provides high-resolution hits at small radius to improve the tracking performance.
The muon spectrometer consists of three large superconducting toroids with eight coils each, a system of trigger and precision-tracking chambers, which provide triggering and tracking capabilities in the ranges |η| < 2.4 and |η| < 2.7, respectively.
2 ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the centre of the detector and the z-axis along the beam pipe.The x-axis points from the IP to the centre of the LHC ring, and the y-axis points upward.Cylindrical coordinates (r, φ) are used in the transverse plane, φ being the azimuthal angle around the beam pipe.The pseudorapidity is defined in terms of the polar angle θ as η = − ln tan(θ/2).Rapidity is defined as y = 0.5 ln (E + p z )/(E − p z ) where E denotes the energy and p z is the component of the momentum along the beam direction.
Production of a Higgs boson in association with a t t pair is simulated using aMC@NLO [43] (in Mad-Graph v2.2.2) interfaced to Herwig 2.7.1 [44].The UEEE5 underlying-event tune is used together with the CTEQ6L1 [45] (matrix element) and CT10 [37] (parton shower) PDF sets.Simulated samples of SM Higgs boson production in association with a W or Z boson are produced with Pythia 8.186, using the A14 tune and the NNPDF23LO PDF set.Events are normalised with cross-sections calculated at NLO [46].
The signal SUSY processes are generated from LO matrix elements with up to two extra partons, using the MadGraph v2.2.3 generator interfaced to Pythia 8.186 with the A14 tune for the modelling of the SUSY decay chain, parton showering, hadronisation and the description of the underlying event.Parton luminosities are provided by the NNPDF23LO PDF set.Jet-parton matching is realised following the CKKW-L prescription [47], with a matching scale set to one quarter of the pair-produced superpartner mass.Signal cross-sections are calculated to NLO in the strong coupling constant, adding the resummation of soft gluon emission at next-to-leading-logarithmic accuracy (NLO+NLL) [48][49][50][51][52].The nominal cross-section and the uncertainty are taken from an envelope of cross-section predictions using different PDF sets and factorisation and renormalisation scales, as described in Ref. [53].The production cross-section of gluino pairs with a mass of 1.2 TeV is 86 fb at √ s = 13 TeV (compared with 4.4 fb at √ s = 8 TeV), while the production cross-section of pairs of bottom squarks with a mass of 500 GeV is 520 fb at √ s = 13 TeV (compared with 86 fb at √ s = 8 TeV).
In all MC samples, except those produced by Sherpa, the EvtGen v1.2.0 program [54] is used to model the properties of the bottom and charm hadron decays.To simulate the effects of additional pp collisions in the same and nearby bunch crossings, additional interactions are generated using the soft QCD processes of Pythia 8.186 with the A2 tune [55] and the MSTW2008LO PDF [56], and overlaid onto the simulated hard scatter event.The Monte Carlo samples are reweighted so that the distribution of the number of reconstructed vertices matches the distribution observed in the data.

Event selection
Candidate events are required to have a reconstructed vertex [57], with at least two associated tracks with p T > 400 MeV, and the vertex with the highest sum of squared transverse momentum of the tracks is considered as primary vertex.In order to perform background estimations using data, two categories of electrons and muons are defined: "candidate" and "signal" (the latter being a subset of the "candidate" leptons satisfying tighter selection criteria).
Electron candidates are reconstructed from an isolated electromagnetic calorimeter energy deposit matched to an ID track and are required to have |η| < 2.47, a transverse momentum p T > 10 GeV, and to pass a loose likelihood-based identification requirement [58,59].The likelihood input variables include measurements of calorimeter shower shapes and measurements of track properties from the ID.Candidates within the transition region between the barrel and endcap electromagnetic calorimeters, 1.37 < |η| < 1.52, are removed.The track matched with the electron must have a significance of the transverse impact parameter with respect to the reconstructed primary vertex, d 0 , of |d 0 |/σ(d 0 ) < 5.
Muon candidates are reconstructed in the region |η| < 2.5 from muon spectrometer tracks matching ID tracks.All muons must have p T > 10 GeV and must pass the medium identification requirements defined in Ref. [60], based on selections on the number of hits in the different ID and muon spectrometer subsystems, and the significance of the charge to momentum ratio q/p [60].
Jets are reconstructed with the anti-k t algorithm [61] with radius parameter R = 0.4, using three-dimensional energy clusters in the calorimeter [62] as input.All jets must have p T > 20 GeV and |η| < 2.8.Jets are calibrated as described in Ref. [63].In order to reduce the effects of pile-up, for jets with p T < 50 GeV and |η| < 2.4 a significant fraction of the tracks associated with each jet must have an origin compatible with the primary vertex, as defined by the jet vertex tagger [64].Furthermore, for all jets the expected average energy contribution from pile-up clusters is subtracted according to the jet area [63].
Identification of jets containing b-hadrons (b-tagging) is performed with the MV2c20 algorithm, a multivariate discriminant making use of track impact parameters and reconstructed secondary vertices [65,66].A requirement is chosen corresponding to a 70% average efficiency obtained for b-jets in simulated t t events.The rejection factors for light-quark jets, c-quark jets and hadronically decaying τ leptons in simulated t t events are approximately 440, 8 and 26, respectively [66].Jets with |η| < 2.5 which satisfy this b-tagging requirement are identified as b-jets.To compensate for differences between data and MC simulation in the b-tagging efficiencies and mis-tag rates, correction factors are applied to the simulated samples [66].
After object identification, overlaps between objects are resolved.Any jet within a distance ∆R y = (∆y) 2 + (∆φ) 2 = 0.2 of an electron candidate is discarded, unless the jet has a value of the MV2c20 discriminant larger than the value corresponding to approximately an 80% b-tagging efficiency, in which case the electron is discarded since it is likely originating from a semileptonic b-hadron decay.Any remaining electron within ∆R y = 0.4 of a jet is discarded.Muons within ∆R y = 0.4 of a jet are also removed.However, if the jet has fewer than three associated tracks, the muon is kept and the jet is discarded instead to avoid inefficiencies for high-energy muons undergoing significant energy loss in the calorimeter.
Signal electrons must satisfy a tight likelihood-based identification requirement [58,59] and have |η| < 2 to reduce the impact of electron charge mis-identification.Signal muons must fulfil the requirement of |d 0 |/σ(d 0 ) < 3. The track associated to the signal leptons must have a longitudinal impact parameter with respect to the reconstructed primary vertex, z 0 , satisfying |z 0 sin θ| < 0.5 mm. Isolation requirements are applied to both the signal electrons and muons.The scalar sum of the p T of tracks within a variable-size cone around the lepton, excluding its own track, must be less than 6% of the lepton p T .The track isolation cone radius for electrons (muons) ∆R η = (∆η) 2 + (∆φ) 2 is given by the smaller of ∆R η = 10 GeV/p T and ∆R η = 0.2 (0.3), that is, a cone of size 0.2 (0.3) at low p T but narrower for high-p T leptons.In addition, in the case of electrons the energy of calorimeter energy clusters in a cone of ∆R η = 0.2 around the electron (excluding the deposition from the electron itself) must be less than 6% of the electron p T .Simulated events are corrected to account for minor differences in the lepton trigger, reconstruction and identification efficiencies between data and MC simulation.
The missing transverse momentum p miss T is defined as the negative vector sum of the transverse momenta of all identified physics objects (electrons, photons, muons, jets) and an additional soft term.The soft term is constructed from all tracks that are not associated with any physics object, and that are associated with the primary vertex.In this way, the E miss T is adjusted for the best calibration of the jets and the other identified physics objects above, while maintaining pile-up independence in the soft term [67,68].
Events are selected using a combination (logical OR) of dilepton and E miss T triggers, the latter being used only for events with E miss T > 250 GeV.The trigger-level requirements on E miss T and the leading and subleading lepton p T are looser than those applied offline to ensure that trigger efficiencies are constant in the relevant phase space.Events of interest are selected if they contain at least two signal leptons with p T > 20 GeV.If the event contains exactly two signal leptons, they are required to have the same electric charge.
To maximise the sensitivity in different signal models, four overlapping signal regions are defined as shown in Table 1, with requirements on the number of signal leptons (N signal lept ), the number of b-jets with p T > 20 GeV (N 20  b−jets ), the number of jets with p T > 50 GeV regardless of their flavour (N 50 jets ), E miss T and the effective mass (m eff ), defined as the scalar sum of the p T of the signal leptons and jets (regardless of their flavour) in the event plus the E miss T .
Table 1: Summary of the event selection criteria for the signal regions (see text for details).

Signal region
Each signal region is motivated by a different SUSY scenario.The SR0b3j and SR0b5j signal regions are sensitive to gluino-mediated and directly produced squarks of the first and second generations leading to final states particularly rich in leptons (Fig. 1 The values of acceptance times efficiency of the SR selections for the SUSY signal models in Fig. 1 typically range between 1% and 6% for m g = 1.2 TeV or m b1 = 600 GeV, and a light χ0 1 .

Background estimation
Three main sources of SM background can be distinguished in this analysis.A first category consists of events with two same-sign prompt leptons or at least three prompt leptons, mainly from t tV and diboson processes.Other types of background events include those containing electrons with mis-measured charge, mainly from the production of top quark pairs, and those containing at least one non-prompt or fake lepton, which mainly originate from hadron decays in events containing top quarks or of W bosons in association with jets.

Background estimation methods
The estimation of the SM background processes with two same-sign prompt leptons or at least three prompt leptons is performed using the MC samples described in Section 3. Since diboson and t tV events are the main backgrounds in the signal regions, dedicated validation regions with an enhanced contribution from these processes are defined to verify the background predictions (see Section 5.3).
Background events due to charge mis-identification, dominated by electrons having emitted a hard bremsstrahlung photon which subsequently converted to an electron-positron pair, are referred to as "chargeflip".The probability of mis-identifying the charge of a muon is checked in both data and MC simulation, and found to be negligible in the kinematic range relevant to this analysis.The contribution of charge-flip events is estimated using data.The electron charge-flip probability is extracted in a Z/γ * → ee data sample using a likelihood fit which takes as input the numbers of same-sign and opposite-sign electron pairs observed in the sample.The charge-flip probability is a free parameter of the fit and is extracted as a function of the electron p T and η.The event yield of this background in the signal or validation regions is obtained by applying the measured charge-flip probability to data regions with the same kinematic requirements as the signal or validation regions but with opposite-sign lepton pairs.
The contribution from fake or non-prompt (FNP) leptons (such as hadrons mis-identified as leptons, leptons originating from heavy-flavour decays, and electrons from photon conversions) is also estimated from data with a matrix method similar to that described in Ref. [23].In this method, two types of lepton identification criteria are defined: "tight", corresponding to the signal lepton criteria described in Section 4, and "loose", corresponding to candidate leptons.The matrix method relates the number of events containing prompt or FNP leptons to the number of observed events with tight or loose-not-tight leptons using the probability for loose prompt or FNP leptons to satisfy the tight criteria.The probability for loose prompt leptons to satisfy the tight selection criteria is obtained using a Z/γ * → data sample and is modelled as a function of the lepton p T and η.The probability for loose FNP leptons to satisfy the tight selection criteria is determined from data in a SS control region enriched in non-prompt leptons originating from heavy-flavour decays.This region contains events with at least one b-jet, one tight muon with p T > 40 GeV (likely prompt) and an additional loose electron or muon (likely FNP).The contribution from prompt leptons and charge mis-measured electrons to this region is subtracted from the observed event yields.
The data-driven background estimates are cross-checked with an MC-based technique.In this method, the contributions from processes with FNP leptons and electron charge mis-identification are obtained from MC simulation and normalised to data in dedicated control regions at low jet multiplicity, low E miss T , and either with or without b-jets.The normalisation is performed using five multipliers: one to correct the electron charge mis-identification rate, and four to correct the contributions from FNP electrons or muons originating from b-jets or light-flavour jets, respectively.In addition to the MC samples listed in Section 3, this method employs samples of top quark pair production generated with the Powheg-Box v2 generator interfaced to Pythia 6.428 [69], as well as samples of simulated W+jets and Z+jets events generated with Powheg-Box v2 interfaced to Pythia 8.186.

Systematic uncertainties on the background estimation
Table 2 summarises the contributions of the different sources of systematic uncertainty in the total SM background predictions in the signal regions.
The systematic uncertainties related to the same-sign prompt leptons background estimation arise from the accuracy of the theoretical and experimental modelling in the MC simulation.The primary sources of systematic uncertainties are related to the jet energy scale calibration, the jet energy resolution, b-tagging efficiency, and MC modelling and theoretical cross-section uncertainties.The cross-sections used to normalise the MC samples are varied according to the uncertainty in the cross-section calculation, that is, 6% for diboson, 13% for t tW and 12% t tZ production [43].Additional uncertainties are assigned to these backgrounds to account for the modelling of the kinematic distributions in the MC simulation.For t tW and t tZ, the predictions from the MadGraph and Sherpa generators are compared, leading to a ∼30% uncertainty for these processes after the SR selections.For dibosons, uncertainties are estimated by varying the renormalisation, factorisation and resummation scales used to generate these samples, leading to a ∼30% uncertainty for these processes after the SR selections.For triboson, t th, t tt t and tZ production processes, which constitute a small background in all signal regions, a 50% uncertainty on the event yields is assumed.
Uncertainties in the FNP lepton background estimate are assigned due to the limited number of data events with loose and tight leptons.In addition, systematic uncertainties of 50-60% are assigned to the probabilities for loose FNP leptons to satisfy the tight signal criteria to account for potentially different FNP compositions (heavy flavour, light flavour or conversions) between the regions used to measure these probabilities and the SRs, as well as the contamination from prompt leptons in the former regions.This leads to overall FNP background uncertainties in the total background estimates of 18-21% depending on the signal region.
For the charge-flip background prediction, the main uncertainties originate from the statistical uncertainty of the charge-flip probability measurements and the background contamination of the sample used to extract the charge-flip probability.
Table 2: The main sources of systematic uncertainty on the SM background estimates for the four signal regions are shown and their values given as relative uncertainties in the expected signal region background event yields.The individual components can be correlated and therefore do not necessarily add up in quadrature to the total systematic uncertainty.For reference, the total number of expected background events is also shown.

Validation of background estimates
To check the validity and robustness of the background estimates, the distributions of several discriminating variables in data are compared with the predicted background after various requirements on the number of jets and b-jets.Events are categorised based on the flavours of the selected leptons, and the  20  b−jets ).The three leading-p T leptons are referred to as 1,2,3 with decreasing p T and the two leading jets as j 1,2 .Additional requirements are set on the invariant mass of the two leading electrons m ee , the presence of SS leptons or a pair of same-flavour opposite-sign leptons (SFOS) and its invariant mass m SFOS .different flavour channels are compared separately.Examples of such distributions are shown in Fig. 2(a)-2(c) and illustrate that the predictions and data agree fairly well.The background estimates in a kinematic region close to the signal regions can also be observed in Fig. 3, which shows the E miss T distributions in the signal regions before applying the E miss T requirements.
Dedicated validation regions (VRs) are defined to test the estimate of the rare SM processes contributing to the signal regions, whose cross-sections have not yet been measured at √ s = 13 TeV.The corresponding selections are summarised in Table 3.In these regions, upper bounds are placed on E miss T and m eff to reduce signal contamination, and the small residual overlap with the signal regions is resolved by vetoing events that contribute to the signal regions.To further reduce contributions from electron charge mis-identification, events are also vetoed if one of the two leading leptons is an electron with |η| > 1.37, since contributions from charge-flip electrons are smaller in the central region due to the lower amount of crossed material.The purity of the targeted processes in these regions ranges from about 40% to 80%.The VR-ttV and VR-ttZ regions overlap with each other, with 30% of the t tV events in VR-ttV also present in VR-ttZ, and the contributions from the t tZ and t tW processes is similar in VR-ttV.
The observed yields in these validation regions, compared with the background predictions and uncertainties, can be seen in Table 4, and the effective mass distributions are shown in Fig. 2(d)-2(f).There is fair agreement between data and the estimated background for the validation regions, with the largest deviations being observed in VR-ttV with a 1.5σ deviation.

Results
Figure 3 shows the data E miss T distributions after the signal region selections (beside that on E miss T ) in data together with the expected contributions from all the SM backgrounds with their total statistical and systematic uncertainties.For illustration, a typical SUSY signal distribution corresponding to the most relevant benchmark scenario in each SR is displayed.The detailed yields for data and the different sources  (d), (e), (f) distributions in the validation regions.The statistical uncertainties in the background prediction are included in the uncertainty band, as well as the theory uncertainties for the backgrounds with prompt SS/3L, and the full systematic uncertainties for data-driven backgrounds.The last bin includes overflows.The "Fake leptons" category corresponds to FNP leptons (see text), and the "Rare" category contains the contributions from associated production of t t with h/WW/t/t t, as well as tZ, Wh, Zh, and triboson production.The lower part of the figures (a)- (d) shows the ratio of data to the background prediction.Table 4: The numbers of observed data and expected background events for the validation regions.The "Rare" category contains the contributions from associated production of t t with h/WW/t/t t, as well as tZ, Wh, Zh, and triboson production.Background categories shown as "−" denote that they cannot contribute to a given region (charge flips or W ± W ± j j in 3-lepton regions).The individual uncertainties can be correlated and therefore do not necessarily add up in quadrature to the total systematic uncertainty.5: The number of observed data events and expected background contributions in the signal regions.The p-value of the observed events for the background-only hypothesis is denoted by p(s = 0).The "Rare" category contains the contributions from associated production of t t with h/WW/t/t t, as well as tZ, Wh, Zh, and triboson production.Background categories shown as "−" denote that they cannot contribute to a given region (charge flips or W ± W ± j j in 3-lepton regions).The individual uncertainties can be correlated and therefore do not necessarily add up in quadrature to the total systematic uncertainty.

SR0b3j SR0b5j SR1b SR3b
Observed events 3 3 7 1 Total background events 1. of SM background in the signal regions are presented in Table 5.The uncertainties amount to 22-34% of the total background depending on the signal region.In all four SRs the number of data events exceeds the expectation but is consistent within the uncertainties, the smallest p-value for the SM-only hypothesis being 0.04 for SR0b5j.Out of the 14 events in the SRs, 2 of the events in SR1b and the 3 events in SR0b3j The statistical uncertainties in the background prediction are included in the uncertainty band, as well as the theory uncertainties for the backgrounds with prompt SS/3L, and the full systematic uncertainties for data-driven backgrounds.The "Fake leptons" category corresponds to FNP leptons (see text), and the "Rare" category contains the contributions from associated production of t t with h/WW/t/t t, as well as tZ, Wh, Zh, and triboson production.contain three leptons.None of those events contain three leptons of equal charge, or are present in more than one SR.
In the absence of any significant deviations from the SM predictions, upper limits on possible BSM contributions to the signal regions are computed, in particular in the context of the SUSY benchmark scenarios described in Section 1.The HistFitter framework [70], which utilises a profile-likelihood-ratio test [71], is used to establish 95% confidence intervals using the CL s prescription [72].The likelihood is built as the product of a Poisson probability density function describing the observed number of events in the signal region and Gaussian distributions constraining the nuisance parameters associated with the systematic uncertainties whose widths correspond to the sizes of these uncertainties; Poisson distributions are used instead for MC statistical uncertainties.Correlations of a given nuisance parameter across the different sources of backgrounds and the signal are taken into account when relevant.The statistical tests are performed independently for each of the signal regions.Table 6 presents 95% confidence level (CL) model-independent upper limits on the number of BSM events, N BSM , that may contribute to the signal regions.Normalising these by the integrated luminosity L of the data sample, they can be interpreted as upper limits on the visible BSM cross-section σ vis , defined as the product σ prod × A × = N BSM /L of production cross-section, acceptance and reconstruction efficiency.
Table 6: Signal model-independent upper limits on the number of BSM events (N BSM ) and the visible signal crosssection (σ vis ) in the four SRs.The numbers (in parentheses) give the observed (expected under the SM hypothesis) 95% CL upper limits.Calculations are performed with pseudo-experiments.The ±1σ variations on the expected limit due to the statistical and systematic uncertainties in the background prediction are also shown.Exclusion limits are also set on the masses of the superpartners involved in the four SUSY benchmark scenarios considered in this analysis.Simplified models corresponding to a single production mode and with 100% branching ratio to a specific decay chain are used, with the masses of the SUSY particles not involved in the process set to very high values.Figure 4 shows the limits on the mass of the χ0 1 as a function of the g or b1 mass.In some cases, the new limits set by this analysis can be compared with the existing limits set by the combination of ATLAS SUSY searches with 8 TeV data [73,74].For parts of the parameter space, the sensitivity reached with the 13 TeV dataset exceeds that of the 8 TeV dataset, and additional parameter space regions can be excluded, especially for large neutralino masses.

ATLAS
Observed limit ) exp σ 1 ± Expected limit ( All limits at 95% CL (a) g → q q χ0 1 scenario, SR0b3j =13 TeV, 3.2 fb s   b * 1 pair production with exclusive decay modes.The signal region used to obtain the limits is specified for each scenario.The contours of the band around the expected limit are the ±1σ results, including all uncertainties except theoretical uncertainties on the signal cross-section.The dotted lines around the observed limit illustrate the change in the observed limit as the nominal signal cross-section is scaled up and down by the theoretical uncertainty.All limits are computed at 95% CL.The diagonal lines indicate the kinematic limit for the decays in each specified scenario.For figures (b) and (d), results are compared with the observed limits obtained by previous ATLAS searches [23,73,74].For figures (a) and (c), a direct comparison with earlier searches is not possible, due to differing model assumptions.Finally, SR3b is used to set limits on masses in a simplified model with gluino pair production and g → t t χ0 1 decays via an off-shell top squark (Fig. 4(d)).In that case, gluino masses of m g 1.2 TeV are excluded for m χ0 1 600 GeV, and χ0 1 masses up to m χ0 1 ≈ 680 GeV are also excluded for m g ≈ 1.05 TeV.

Conclusion
A search for supersymmetry in events with exactly two same-sign leptons or at least three leptons, multiple jets, b-jets and E miss T is presented.The analysis is performed with proton-proton collision data at √ s = 13 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb −1 .With no significant excess over the Standard Model expectation observed, results are interpreted in the framework of simplified models featuring gluino and bottom squark production.In the gg simplified models considered, m g 1.1-1.3TeV and m χ0

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: SUSY processes featuring gluino (a, b, d) or bottom squark (c) pair production considered in this analysis.
(a)) or in jets (Fig.1(b)), but with no enhancement of the production of b-quarks.Third-generation squark models resulting in final states with two b-quarks, such as direct bottom squark production (Fig.1(c)), are targeted by the SR1b signal region.Finally, the signal region SR3b targets gluino-mediated top squark production resulting in final states with four b-quarks (Fig.1(d)).

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Distributions of kinematic variables after a SS/3L selection including (a), (b) E miss T > 60 GeV and N 25 jet ≥ 2, (c) a b-jet veto and 80 < m < 100 GeV, and(d), (e), (f) distributions in the validation regions.The statistical uncertainties in the background prediction are included in the uncertainty band, as well as the theory uncertainties for the backgrounds with prompt SS/3L, and the full systematic uncertainties for data-driven backgrounds.The last bin includes overflows.The "Fake leptons" category corresponds to FNP leptons (see text), and the "Rare" category contains the contributions from associated production of t t with h/WW/t/t t, as well as tZ, Wh, Zh, and triboson production.The lower part of the figures (a)-(d)  shows the ratio of data to the background prediction.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Missing transverse momentum distributions after (a) SR0b3j, (b) SR0b5j, (c) SR1b and (d) SR3b selection, beside the E miss T requirement.The results in the signal regions are shown in the last (inclusive) bin of each plot.The statistical uncertainties in the background prediction are included in the uncertainty band, as well as the theory uncertainties for the backgrounds with prompt SS/3L, and the full systematic uncertainties for data-driven backgrounds.The "Fake leptons" category corresponds to FNP leptons (see text), and the "Rare" category contains the contributions from associated production of t t with h/WW/t/t t, as well as tZ, Wh, Zh, and triboson production.

mass is set to m χ± 1 = (m g + m χ0 1 )/2 and the χ0 2 mass is set to m χ0 2 = (m χ± 1 +m χ0 1 )/ 2 ; 1 ) and m χ0 1 ≈= m χ0 1 + 1 , while m χ0 1 140
(b)).In this simplified model, the gluinos decay into uū, d d, s s or cc with equal probabilities.The χ± 1 W and Z bosons produced in the decay chain are not necessarily on-shell.The exclusion limits in this scenario reach m g ≈ 1.1 TeV (for light χ0 550 GeV (for m g ≈ 1.0 TeV).Exclusion limits in a simplified model of bottom squark production with chargino-mediated b1 → tW − χ0 1 decays are obtained with SR1b (Fig.4(c)).In this model the χ± 1 mass is set to m χ± 1 100 GeV.The limits can reach mass values of m b1 ≈ 540 GeV for a light χ0 GeV are also excluded for

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Observed and expected exclusion limits on the g, b1 and χ0 1 masses in the context of SUSY scenarios with simplified mass spectra featuring gg or b1b * 1 pair production with exclusive decay modes.The signal region used to obtain the limits is specified for each scenario.The contours of the band around the expected limit are the ±1σ results, including all uncertainties except theoretical uncertainties on the signal cross-section.The dotted lines around the observed limit illustrate the change in the observed limit as the nominal signal cross-section is scaled up and down by the theoretical uncertainty.All limits are computed at 95% CL.The diagonal lines indicate the kinematic limit for the decays in each specified scenario.For figures (b) and(d), results are compared with the observed limits obtained by previous ATLAS searches[23,73,74].For figures (a) and (c), a direct comparison with earlier searches is not possible, due to differing model assumptions.

≈ 1 ≈ 60
425  GeV, significantly extending the previous limits obtained at √ s = 8 TeV[74] which excluded m b1 470 GeV for m χ0 GeV for a similar model.

1 550-
850 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level depending on the model parameters.Bottom squark masses of m b1 540 GeV are also excluded for a light χ0 1 in a b1 b * 1 simplified model with b1 → tW − χ0 1 .These results are complementary to those of previous searches and extend the exclusion limits they set.ak Also at Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford CA, United States of America al Also at Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary am Also at Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, Flensburg, Germany an Also at University of Malaya, Department of Physics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ao Also at CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France * Deceased

Table 3 :
Summary of the event selection in the validation regions.Requirements are placed on the number of signal leptons (N signal lept ) and candidate leptons (N cand lept ), the number of jets with p T > 25 GeV (N 25 jets ) or the number of b-jets with p T > 20 GeV (N