Some reference formulas for the generating functions of canonical transformations

We study some properties of the canonical transformations in classical mechanics and quantum field theory and give a number of practical formulas concerning their generating functions. First, we give a diagrammatic formula for the perturbative expansion of the composition law around the identity map. Then, we propose a standard way to express the generating function of a canonical transformation by means of a certain"componential"map, which obeys the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula. We derive the diagrammatic interpretation of the componential map, work out its relation with the solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation and derive its time-ordered version. Finally, we generalize the results to the Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism, where the conjugate variables may have both bosonic and fermionic statistics, and describe applications to quantum field theory.


Introduction
Canonical transformations have a variety of applications, from classical mechanics to quantum field theory. In particular, they play an important role when quantum field theory is formulated by means of the functional integral and the Batalin-Vilkovisky (BV) formalism [1,2]. The BV formalism associates external sources K α with the fields Φ α and introduces a notion of antiparentheses (X, Y ) of functionals X, Y of Φ and K. This formal setup is convenient to treat general gauge theories and study their renormalization, because it collects the Ward-Takahashi-Slavnov-Taylor (WTST) identities [3] in a compact form and relates in a simple way the identities satisfied by the classical action S(Φ, K) to the identities satisfied by the generating functional Γ of the one-particle irreducible correlation functions. The canonical transformations, which are the field/source redefinitions that preserve the antiparentheses, appear in several contexts. For example, they provide simple ways to gauge fix the theory and map the WTST identities under arbitrary changes of field variables and gauge fixing. Moreover, they are a key ingredient of the subtraction of divergences.
The generating functionals of the canonical transformations used in quantum field theory are often polynomial, and can be composed and inverted with a small effort. Nevertheless, there are exceptions. When the theory is nonrenormalizable, for example, as the standard model coupled to quantum gravity, the canonical transformations involved in the subtraction of the divergences are nonpolynomial and arbitrarily complicated. Even when the theory is power counting renormalizable, the variety of fields and sources that are present and their statistics make it useful to have some shortcuts and practical formulas to handle the basic operations on canonical transformations in more straightforward ways.
In this paper, we collect a number of reference formulas concerning the generating functions of canonical transformations and give diagrammatic interpretations of their perturbative versions. We first work in classical mechanics and then generalize the investigation to the BV formalism. The generalization is actually straightforward, since the operations we define preserve the statistics of the functionals.
In section 2 we start from the composition law, by writing the generating function of the composed canonical transformation as the tree-level projection of a suitable functional integral. So doing, the perturbative expansion of the result around the identity map can easily be expressed in a diagrammatic form. In section 3 we relate the composition law to the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff (BCH) formula [4]. We propose a standard way of expressing the generating function of a canonical transformation by means of a componential map C(X) such that C −1 (X) = C(−X) and C −1 (C(X)• C(Y )) =BCH(X, Y ). In section 4 we derive the relation between the componential map and the solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for time-independent Hamiltonians. In section 5 we work out the diagrammatic interpretation of the perturbative expansion of the componential map around the identity map. In section 6 we generalize the formulas to time-dependent Hamiltonians, which gives the time-ordered version of the componential map. In section 7 we extend the analysis to the BV formalism, where the fields can have arbitrary statistics. We illustrate a number of applications to quantum field theory. Section 8 contains the conclusions.

Composition of canonical transformations
In this section we study the composition of canonical transformations. We first recall the basic formulas for the generating function of the composite canonical transformation, in terms of the generating functions of the components. Then we express the result as the tree-level sector of a functional integral and provide a diagrammatic interpretation of its perturbative expansion around the identity map.
Consider two canonical transformations q 1 , p 1 → q 2 , p 2 and q 2 , p 2 → q 3 , p 3 , with generating functions F 12 (q 1 , p 2 ) and F 23 (q 2 , p 3 ), respectively. It is knownthat the generating function of the composite canonical transformation q 1 , p 1 → q 3 , p 3 is where q i 2 and p i 2 are the functions of q 1 , p 3 that extremize the right-hand side. 1 The proof is straightforward. Extremizing the right-hand side with respect to q i 2 and p i 2 , we obtain Thanks to these equations, the derivatives of F 13 with respect to q i 1 and p i 3 can be worked out by keeping q j 2 and p j 2 constant. This gives the relations which prove that F 13 (q 1 , p 3 ) is indeed the generating function of the canonical transformation q 1 , p 1 → q 3 , p 3 . We write the composition law as 2) in the sense the F 12 is the transformation performed first and F 23 is the one performed last. In particular, given a scalar function S 1 (q 1 , p 1 ) = S 2 (q 2 , p 2 ) = S 3 (q 3 , p 3 ), we write These formulas mean S 2 (q 2 , p 2 ) = S 1 (q 1 (q 2 , p 2 ), p 1 (q 2 , p 2 )), etc. If we describe the canonical transformations q 1 , p 1 → q 2 , p 2 and q 2 , p 2 → q 3 , p 3 by means of generating functions G 12 (q 1 , q 2 ) and G 23 (q 2 , q 3 ), then, following similar steps, it is easy to prove that the composition is generated by where q 2 is the function of q 1 , q 3 that extremizes the right-hand side.
In this paper, we are mostly interested in formulas that may have practical uses in perturbative quantum field theory. It is more convenient to describe the canonical transformations q, p → Q, P by means of generating functions of the form F (q, P ), rather than G(q, Q), because the former can easily be expanded around the identity transformation and allow us to express the composite canonical transformation diagrammatically. It is not possible to achieve these goals in a simple way with generating functions of the form G(q, Q).
To study the expansion around the identity map, write the generating functions F 12 and F 23 as respectively, and their composition F 13 as Below we show that the solution C(q, P ) can be written as the tree-level sector of a zerodimensional functional integral. Thanks to this, the diagrams that contribute to it can easily be built, according to the following rules. (a) The diagrams, made of lines and vertices, are connected and contain no loops. (b) The vertices are of two types, denoted by u and v, and can have arbitrary numbers of legs. (c) Each line of the diagram must connect one vertex of type u with one vertex of type v. By definition, we include the diagrams that have no lines, that is to say the vertex u and the vertex v. The number of vertices is called order of the diagram. The absence of loops implies that a diagram of order n contains n − 1 lines, with n 1. Note that there are no external legs.
Denote the diagrams of order n by G nα , where α = 1, · · · , r n is an index that labels them. Call f nα the combinatorial factor of G nα , which can be calculated with the usual rules, by viewing G nα as a Feynman diagram. Associate a function C nα (q, P ) with G nα by replacing each vertex u with the function A(q, P ), each vertex v with the function B(q, P ) and each line with the operator where the P derivative acts on the function A attached to the line and the q derivative acts on the function B attached to the line. We call (2.6) the propagator.
Then the formula of the function C(q, P ) is To prove this result, consider the auxiliary Lagrangian L(φ, ψ, q, P ) = A(q, P + φ) + B(q + ψ, P ) − ψφ and the zero-dimensional quantum field theory described by L, where φ i are ψ i are the "fields". We focus on the generating function W (q, P ) defined by e W (q,P ) = [dφdψ]e L(φ,ψ,q,P ) .
The square brackets around the measure mean that we consider this integral as a functional integral, rather than an ordinary one. In other words, we view it as a bookkeeping for generating diagrams and making standard operations on diagrams.
The propagator of this theory is determined by the last term of L, that is to say −ψφ, so it is equal to 1. Applying the standard Feynman rules, it is easy to check that the diagrams defined above give the tree sector of W (q, P ). Clearly, that sector is equal to the Legendre transform of L(φ, ψ, q, P ) with respect to φ and ψ, calculated in zero. Precisely, setting 8) and denoting the solutions of these conditions by φ * (q, P ), ψ * (q, P ), we find L(φ * , ψ * , q, P ) = A(q, P + φ * ) + B(q + ψ * , P ) − ψ * φ * . (2.9) Now, identify q with q 1 and P with p 3 . Working out q 2 and p 2 from the canonical transformations generated by F A (q 1 , p 2 ) and F B (q 2 , p 3 ), given in (2.4), it is easy to check that On the other hand, formulas (2.8) give Expanding (2.10) and (2.11) in powers of A and B and comparing the two outcomes, we get the equalities Then using (2.1), (2.4) and (2.5), formula (2.9) gives We conclude that C(q, P ) coincides with L(φ * , ψ * , q, P ) and is given by the diagrams listed above, which proves (2.7). We can write e C(q,P ) = ′ [dφdψ]e A(q,P +φ)+B(q+ψ,P )−ψφ , (2.13) where the prime on the integral sign means that only the tree contributions are kept. For example, the lowest order diagrams contributing to formula (2.7) are More explicitly, where A simple case is when A(q, P ) = u(q) + f i (q)P i for some functions u(q) and f i (q). Then the diagrams give a Taylor expansion that can easily be resummed into C(q, P ) = A(q, P ) + B(q i + f i (q), P ). (2.16) Similarly, B(q, P ) = v(P ) + q i g i (P ) gives C(q, P ) = A(q, P i + g i (P )) + B(q, P ). (2.17) Another simple case is when B(q, P ) = wB ′ (q, P ), where w is a constant parameter that squares to zero, to make the first order of the Taylor expansion exact. For example, we can take w = ̟̟ ′ , where ̟ and ̟ ′ are constant and anticommuting. We find C(q, P ) = A(q, P ) + B q + ∂A ∂P , P .
One may wonder if there is a relation between the composition formula (2.7) and the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula. It turns out that the formula (2.7) is a sort of "primitive" of the BCH formula. The next section better clarifies this concept.

The componential map
The composition law of the previous section is good for a number of purposes, but not practical in other cases. For example, it does not provide a simple way to invert a canonical transformation. In this section, we propose a standard way of expressing the generating function of a canonical transformation by means of a "componential" map and rephrase the composition law in a way that makes various properties more apparent. The componential map is written as a perturbative expansion around the identity map and obeys the BCH formula. Among other things, it makes the inverse operation straightforward. Let The composition law (2.2) of the previous section defines a map The componential map is a map C : A → A, X −→ C(X), such that C(0) = I and We call it componential map, because it is determined by the composition law, as we prove below. Note that (3.2) implies that the inverse of C(X) is just C(−X). Basically, we regard (3.2) as an equation for the unknown C.
To better appreciate what we are doing, consider as an equation for the unknown map E, where M and N are square matrices of some order, the left-hand side is the matrix product of E(M ) and E(N ) and M × N is the same as M △N with Poisson brackets replaced by commutators. We know that the solution of this problem is the exponential of the matrix, i.e. E(M ) = e M . The exponential map e ad(X) can also be seen as the solution E(X) of the equation where E(X) and E(Y ) are operators A → A, and the left-hand side is their product. Similarly, the componential map is the solution of (3.3) if E(X) and E(Y ) are viewed as the generating functions of some canonical transformations and the right-hand side is the generating function of their composition. We expand C(X) as where I denotes the identity map, c 1 = X and c n (X), n 2, are homogeneous functions of degree n in X and its derivatives. When we need to make the arguments of the various functions explicit, we denote them by q, P . Then I(q, P ) = q i P i is the generating function of the identity canonical transformation, while the functions X, C(X), c(X), c n (X) are written as X(q, P ), C(X(q, P )), c(X(q, P )) and c n (X(q, P )), respectively. Note that the Poisson brackets involved in the △ operation of formula (3.2) are calculated with respect to the "mixed" variables q, P . Now we prove that the functions c n (X(q, P )), n > 1, are recursively determined by the formula To achieve this goal, we apply the composition law (3.2) in the particular case where X and Y are proportional to each other, so that X△Y = 0. If σ and τ are arbitrary constants, we have upon extremization with respect to φ and ψ. We differentiate this equation with respect to τ and then set τ = 0. Because of the extremization, we can keep φ and ψ constant. The result is having noted that at τ = 0. Differentiating formula (3.6) n − 1 times with respect to σ and setting σ = 0 later on, we get (3.5).
The first orders are

Relation with the solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation
As promised, the componential map is uniquely determined by the composition law. However, we still have to prove that formula (3.2) holds for arbitrary X and Y . This goal can be achieved by working out the relation between the componential map and the solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation.
Rescale X by a factor η. Recalling that the function c n is homogeneous of degree n, formulas (3.4) and (3.5) give . This is just the solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation with the initial condition C(0) = I. To map formula (4.1) into the usual form of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, it is sufficient to imagine that η is minus the time t, the function X(q, p) is a (time-independent) Hamiltonian H(q, p) and the componential map C is the action S: Conversely, given a mechanical system described by the time-independent Hamiltonian H(q, p), the function is the generating function of the canonical transformation that performs the time evolution from time t to time zero. The corresponding Hamilton equations are solved by the exponential map Indeed, the solution (4.2) of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation is the generating function of the canonical transformation that maps q i (t), p i (t) to the initial conditions Q i , P i , because it makes the transformed Hamiltonian vanish. Clearly, (4.3) and (4.4) imply dQ i /dt = dP i /dt = 0. For future reference, we recall that the Hamilton equations imply for an arbitrary function f ∈ A. Indeed, (4.5) solves df (Q, P )/dt = 0 and is obviously correct at t = 0. Thus, the transformations generated by C(X(q, P )) are Since the exponential map satisfies the BCH formula (3.1), we can easily prove that the componential map satisfies the BCH formula (3.2), for arbitrary functions X and Y . To see this, let us write the transformations generated by C(Y (q 1 , p 2 )) and C(X(q 2 , p 3 )): Because of (2.2), the transformations due to (C(X) • C(Y ))(q 1 , p 3 ) are then Note that the functions X and Y have different arguments in this formula. To finalize the composition, we must convert q 2 , p 2 into q 1 , p 1 inside X(q 2 , p 2 ). Obviously, the variables used to calculate the Poisson brackets do not need to be specified, because the transformations are canonical. In particular, we do not need to specify the variables in the brackets of the adjoint maps. However, the arguments of X and Y are crucial, which is why we have written them explicitly starting from formula (4.6).
We have The first relation is a particular case of (4.5), while the second relation follows from the first one and which is another consequence of (4.5). Then the transformations (4.8) become Since an equivalent version of (3.1) is e −ad(Y ) e −ad(X) = e −ad(X+Y +X△Y ) , the BCH formula (3.2) follows by comparison with (4.6) again.
, we can easily check the first few orders of (3.2) by comparing the formulas (2.15) and (3.7).
Summarizing, the componential map is a sort of generating function for the exponential map. Indeed, the transformations of the coordinates and the momenta are given by the exponential map and generated by the componential map.

Diagrammatics of the componential map
We write the diagrammatic expansion of the componential map in the form where e nj are certain coefficients, worked out below, and D n denotes the set of connected tree diagrams G nj (X) built with n vertices X and the propagator (2.6). Differently from the diagrams of the previous section, the propagator must carry an arrow, to distinguish where the q and the P derivatives act. For definiteness, we assume that the q derivative acts on the X toward which the arrow points and the P derivative acts on the X placed at the other endpoint of the line. For example, the diagrams of formula (3.7) are 3 3 5 (5.2) where we have included the coefficients e nj n! different from one. Each empty disk denotes an X.
We work out the rules to calculate the coefficients e nj . It is evident that some of them are simple, others are less straightforward, such as the factor 5 appearing in the second line of formula (3.7). It is convenient to refer to formula (3.5), which gives for n > 1, where the symmetry factor σ {j k } is equal to one divided by the product of m v m !, v m being the number of times the integer m appears in the list {j k }. We recall that c 1 (X(q, P )) = X(q, P ).
The diagrammatic version of formula (5.3) is straightforward, because the coefficients are just the symmetry factors of the diagrams. Denote the function c j by means of a disk numbered by j. Now the arrows can only exit X and enter c j . For example, we have These diagrammatics generate the diagrammatics of (5.1) by iteration and allow us to find the rules to compute the coefficients e nj . To formulate these rules, it is useful to define a suitable cutting procedure.
Given a diagram G nj (X), detect the disks to which only exiting lines are attached. Consider one of such disks at a time. Mark the disk with a symbol × at its center and cut the lines attached to the disk in two. This operation gives a disconnected diagram. For example, The so-obtained cut diagrams are made of two types of subdiagrams. One is the subdiagram made of the marked disk and its lines. The rest is a set of various subdiagrams G ′ mi (X), each of which is equal to a diagram of type G mi (X), m < n, with one extra incoming line.
To avoid overcounting, coinciding cut diagrams must be counted only once. For example, the cutting can be performed in two equivalent ways, by detaching the left disk or the right one. However, the results are the same, so we must count only one of them.
Denote the inequivalent cut diagrams by G cut njk (X), where k is an extra label. Then the coefficient e nj of G nj is given by the formula where e njk are coefficients of the cut diagrams G cut njk . To determine e njk , (i) divide by the number of permutations of the identical subdiagrams G ′ mi , m < n; (ii) multiply by the number of ways to obtain each subdiagram G ′ mi , m < n, by attaching the extra incoming line to G mi ; (iii) multiply by the coefficients e mi of the subdiagrams G mi , m < n. We illustrate these rules by means of a few examples. First, we see how to derive the coefficient 5 of formula (5.2), which corresponds to e 4j = 5/24. The diagram G 4j and its cuts are The reason why the first cut diagram G ′ 3i has a factor 2, besides e 3i = 1/6, is that there are two ways of obtaining G ′ 3i by attaching the extra incoming line to G 3i . This is the meaning of rule (ii).
Next, consider the case 1 6

2
The factor 1/2 in front of the cut diagram is due to the permutations of identical subdiagrams G ′ 1i . Thus, we have e 3i = 1/3(1/2) = 1/6. This is the meaning of rule (i). Formula (5.4) and the rules just listed are straightforward consequences of (5.3). We have decomposed the diagram G nj into its contributions as they appear on the right-hand side of (5.3), which are the cut diagrams G cut njk . Each of them has a simple combinatorial factor e njk . The sum of those combinatorial factors, divided by n, gives e nj .
An alternative, actually simpler, way to work out the diagrammatic expansion of the componential map is given in the next section. It follows from the expansion of the time-ordered componential map, which has straightforward coefficients. The coefficients of C(X) are the values of simple integrals that appear when the time-ordered formula is specialized to the case of a time-independent function X.
Finally, let us mention that we can define the componential logarithm of a canonical transformation, briefly called c-logarithm, by means of the inverse componential map. Writing C = I + c we can invert (3.7) recursively. The first orders of the c-logarithm are 6 Time-ordered componential map A canonical transformation continuously connected to the identity can be viewed as a fictitious "time" evolution associated with a suitable "Hamiltonian". This allows us to relate the componential map to the solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. In Sect. 4 we have taken advantage of this correspondence in the case of time-independent Hamiltonians, or, equivalently, η-independent functions X(q, P ). Generalizing the formulas of Sect. 4 to time-dependent Hamiltonians H(q, p, t), we can obtain the time-ordered (precisely, η-ordered) componential map. Start from a function X(q, P, η) and consider the Hamilton-Jacobi equation ∂ ∂η C(q, P, η) = X q i , ∂ ∂q j C(q, P, η), η . (6.1) Writing C(q, P, η) = q i P i + c(q, P, η), we find which can be solved recursively with the help of the following diagrammatics. Instead of considering the diagrams G nj of the previous section, consider their η-ordered versionsG nj , determined by applying the following rules. Given a diagram G nj , assign coordinates η k to each disk. We say that -the disk with coordinate η k is anterior (posterior) to the disk with coordinate η k ′ if η k < η k ′ (η k > η k ′ ); -a pair of disks is η-ordered if one of them is anterior to the other; -two disks D 1 and D 2 are separated if the path connecting them (drawn by covering each line only once) contains a third disk D 3 that is posterior to both; -the latest disk is the one with coordinate η k such that η k > η k ′ for every k ′ = k; -given a disk D, the disk D ′ following D is the most anterior disk among the disks that are posterior to D and not separated from D.
Assume that the η coordinate is the horizontal one and it is oriented from the right to the left. Displace the disks of G nj so that all the nonseparated pairs of disks become η-ordered and each arrow points from the posterior disk to the anterior one. Two diagrams are said to be equivalent if every pair of nonseparated disks has the same η ordering.
Then, construct all the inequivalent diagrams. Call themG nj , where n is the number of disks and j is an extra label. Denote the set of diagrams with n disks byD n .
For example, the η-ordered versions of the diagrams of formula (5.2) are (6.2) Given a diagramG nj , associate a cut diagramG cut nj with it by marking the latest disk with × and detaching it from the rest as explained before. The operation generates subdiagramsG ′ mj , each of which is built by adding an extra incoming line to a diagram of typeG mj , with m < n. The symmetry factor ofG nj is equal to the product of the symmetry factors of the subdiagrams G ′ mj , divided by the number of permutations of the equivalentG ′ mj s. The symmetry factor of a subdiagramG ′ mj is equal to the number of ways to obtain it by adding the extra line toG mj , times the symmetry factor ofG mj .
Finally, evaluate the diagramG nj as follows. A disk with coordinate η k corresponds to X(q, P, η k ). As before, an oriented line is the propagator (2.6), the q derivative acting on the anterior disk and the P derivative acting on the posterior disk. Multiply by the symmetry factor of the diagram and integrate the coordinate η k of each disk from 0 to the coordinate η k ′ of the following disk. Finally integrate the coordinate of the latest disk from 0 to η. This gives a function G nj (q, P, η). The sum of these functions plus the identity map gives the η-ordered componential map, which reads C(q, P, η) = q i P i + η 0 dη ′ X(q, P, η ′ ) + ∞ n=2 G nj ∈DnG nj (q, P, η). (6.3) To order three we have As anticipated before, an alternative way to compute the coefficients e nj and e njk of formulas (5.1) and (5.4) is to use formula (6.3), assume that X is η independent, integrate the various coordinates η k and finally set η = 1. Diagrams that are identical for the purposes of the previous section have different η orderings, which is why the coefficients of the η-ordered componential map are much simpler than e nj and e njk .
When we have a one-parameter family of generating functions C(q, P, η) such that C(q, P, 0) = I(q, P ), we can give a more practical definition of logarithm. Viewing fictitiously the η dependence as a time evolution, we define the h-logarithm (h standing for "Hamiltonian") as the Hamiltonian X(q, p, η) associated with it. By the Hamilton-Jacobi equation (6.1), we have X(q, p, η) = ∂C ∂η , (6.5) where the tilde means that the argument P must be solved in terms of q, p, η by means of the canonical transformation C itself. For future use we remark that, in particular, if f (q, p, η) is a function that behaves as a scalar under C, i.e. such that f ′ (Q, P, η) = f (q, p, η), we have If there is no parameter η to apply (6.5), the h-logarithm is not defined. If C(q, P, η, ζ, . . .) depends on more parameters η, ζ, . . . and C(q, P, 0, 0, . . .) coincides with the identity map, we have one h-logarithm for each parameter. In the time-independent case C(ηX(q, P )), the h-logarithm X(q, p, η) coincides with X(q, p). Note that the c-logarithm always exists and is unique.

Canonical transformations and Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism
In this section we generalize the results found so far to the Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism, where the generating function(al)s are fermionic and the fields may be both bosonic and fermionic. Then we give some examples that have applications to both renormalizable and nonrenormalizable theories. We compose the canonical transformations that perform the gauge fixing with those that switch to the background field method. Then we use the componential map to interpolate between the background field approach and the standard nonbackground approach. The Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism is convenient to study general gauge theories. The conjugate variables are the fields Φ α and certain external sources K α coupled to the Φ symmetry transformations. A notion of antiparentheses is introduced, where X and Y are functionals of Φ and K, the integral is over spacetime points associated with repeated indices and the subscripts l and r in δ l and δ r denote the left and right functional derivatives, respectively. The fields Φ α and the sources K α have statistics ε α and ε α +1, respectively, which are equal to 0 mod 2 for bosons and 1 mod 2 for fermions. The fields Φ α include the classical fields φ i , the Fadeev-Popov ghosts C I , the antighostsC I and the Lagrange multipliers B I for the gauge fixing. The action S(Φ, K) is a local functional that satisfies the master equation (S, S) = 0 and coincides with the classical action S c (φ) at C =C = B = K = 0.
The canonical transformations are the transformations Φ, K → Φ ′ , K ′ that preserve the antiparentheses (7.1). They can be derived from a generating functional F (Φ, K ′ ) of fermionic statistics, by means of the formulas The identity transformation is generated by F (Φ, K ′ ) = Φ α K ′ α . The formulas derived in the previous sections for the componential map and the composition of canonical transformations can be immediately generalized to fermionic functionals of fields and sources of various statistics. Indeed, the basic operator, that is to say the propagator (2.6), is turned into which has fermionic statistics. The functionals F (Φ, K ′ ), C(X) and X also have fermionic statistics. Thus, each time we add a propagator and a new disk X, the statistics are correctly preserved. As a consequence, the formulas found so far can be straightforwardly applied to the BV formalism. Canonical transformations are used for various purposes in quantum field theory. They encode the most general (changes of) gauge fixing and changes of field variables. Moreover, they are an important ingredient of the perturbative subtraction of divergences. Precisely, they subtract the divergences that are proportional to the field equations. The composition and the inversion of canonical transformations are operations that are met frequently. Often, it is enough to study them at the infinitesimal level, but sometimes it is necessary to handle them exactly or to all orders of the expansion. The literature on these topics is wide, both at the mathematical/formal level [1,9] and at the level of renormalization and gauge dependence [10,11,12,13,14].
We recall that the BV formalism is quite versatile and can be used to formulate all kinds of general gauge theories, including those where the symmetry transformations close only on shell and those that have reducible gauge algebras (where the ghosts have local gauge symmetries of their own and it is necessary to introduce "ghosts of ghosts"). Our formulas hold in those cases also.
Nevertheless, we concentrate the applications of this section to the irreducible gauge symmetries that close off shell, which have the most important applications to physics. In those cases, there exists a solution S(Φ, K) of the master equation that is linear in K: The functions R α (Φ) are the symmetry transformations of the fields Φ α . See for example the appendix of ref. [14] for explicit formulas in the case of general covariance, local Lorentz symmetry, Abelian gauge symmetries and non-Abelian Yang-Mills symmetries. We give some examples of applications in the context of the background field method [15]. Two different approaches to formulate the background field method in the context of the BV formalism can be found in the literature, the one of refs. [12,16] by Binosi and Quadri 2 and the one of the present author [18]. The two have properties that are good for different purposes. Here we follow the approach of [18]. One starts from the action 4) which is obtained from (7.3) by adding a background copy with vanishing classical action. It is not necessary to have background copies of the antighosts and the Lagrange multipliers, so we take Φ α = {φ i , C I } and K α = {K i φ , K I C }, where φ i and C I are background copies of the physical fields and the ghosts, respectively, and K i φ , K I C are the sources associated with them. Then we perform the background shift, by means of the canonical transformation generated by 3 Taking advantage of the componential map, we can write Indeed, the argument of C does not depend on any pair of conjugate variables, so all the nontrivial diagrams of formula (5.1) vanish. After the shift, the action is F b S. The new fields Φ α are called quantum fields. The sym- These can be decomposed as the sum of the background transformations R i (Φ) of φ i plus the , plus the background transformations of φ i (the C-dependent part). Something similar happens to the symmetry transformations of the ghosts C.
The background transformations of the antighosts and the Lagrange multipliers remain trivial after F b , and need to be adjusted by means of a further canonical transformation, generated by where R IC (C, C) denotes the background transformation of the antighosts. Explicitly, the argument of the componential map C is (7.5) for Yang-Mills symmetries, local Lorentz symmetry and diffeomorphisms, where the hats on a, b, . . . are used to distinguish the local Lorentz indices from the Yang-Mills ones.
Finally, the theory can be gauge fixed in a background invariant way by means of the canonical transformation generated by where Ψ(Φ, φ) is a background invariant functional of fermionic statistics, known as gauge fermion. Typically, we choose it of the form where G Ii (φ, ∂)φ i are the gauge-fixing functions. It is common to choose such functions to be linear in the quantum fields φ i , to simplify various properties of renormalization. The operator matrix ζ IJ (φ, ∂) is symmetric, nonsingular at φ = 0 and proportional to the identity in every simple subgroup of the gauge symmetry group. The relation F gf = C(−Ψ) of (7.6) follows from the fact that the gauge fermion does not depend on the sources K.
Invariance under background transformations is easy to achieve, by combining the plain derivative ∂ with the background field φ to build the background covariant derivative. For example, we can take in the case of Yang-Mills symmetry (with a simple group, for simplicity), local Lorentz symmetry and diffeomorphisms, respectively, where ζ i are constants, A a µ , eâ µ and g µν are the background gauge field, vielbein and metric, A a µ , fâ µ and h µν are the respective quantum fluctuations and D(A, g), D(g), D(e) denote the covariant derivatives in the background fields.
The three canonical transformations F b , F nm and F gf can be composed as follows. The first two commute and have a vanishing propagator, because the fields (sources) that appear nontrivially in F nm have no source (field) counterpart in the nontrivial sector of F b . Thus, the composition gives the generating functional Now we compose F nm with F gf . We can consider either F nm • F gf or F gf • F nm . Applying formula (2.13), we see that in the first case there is no nontrivial diagram, since the nontrivial part of F gf does not contain sources. Then formula (2.15) reduces to C = A + B and we obtain Instead, when we consider F gf •F nm , we have one nontrivial diagram and formula (2.15) effectively reduces to C = A + B + A i B i . Note that the only nontrivial propagator is ( This result can also be found by applying the BCH formula (3.2) for the composition of the componential maps, with the Poisson brackets replaced by the antiparentheses (7.1). We find It is easy to check that only the first two diagrams of (5.2) contribute, so formula (3.7) reduces to C(X) = I + X + (1/2)X i X i , which gives (7.7).
In ref. [18] the tensor operator ζ IJ was set to zero, to make F gf and F nm commute. However, in some applications, such as the chiral dimensional regularization of ref. [19], which is useful to treat nonrenormalizable general chiral gauge theories, it is necessary to keep ζ IJ nonvanishing, to have well-behaved regularized propagators.
The gauge fixing is the last step of the construction of the action. Indeed, only after properly organizing the background transformations, it makes sense to talk about a background invariant gauge fermion. Thus, we must take F gf • F nm , rather than F nm • F gf .
The composition F gf • F nm • F b can be easily worked out by means of formula (2.16) and gives Applying the composed transformation to the action (7.4), we obtain the background field gaugefixed action For various applications, it is useful to compare the results of the background field method with those of the standard, nonbackground approach. The nonbackground gauge fixed action is is the generating functional of the canonical transformation that performs the gauge fixing. The background fields and sources are inert here. As usual, to simplify the renormalization, it is convenient to take a quadratic gauge fermion Ψ ′ . We choose For convenience, we further make an irrelevant background shift by applying F b , that is to say redefine the nonbackground action as S nb = (F b • F ′ gf )S. Then the relation between the background and nonbackground actions reads Formulas (2.16) and (2.17) give Using (7.7) and (2.16) again, we easily find is the difference between the background field gauge fermion and the nonbackground one.
Using the componential map, we find Again, formula (3.7) reduces to C(X) = I +X +(1/2)X i X i , because the only nontrivial propagator We can continuously interpolate between the background and nonbackground approaches by introducing a parameter ξ that varies from 0 to 1 and considering the canonical transformation generated by F ξ = C(ξX). (7.9) Explicitly, we find Note that the h-logarithm of (7.9) is equal to X with K I ′ B replaced by K I B and plays the role of the ξ-independent Hamiltonian.
A different interpolation amounts to taking, for example, The h-logarithm of this expression gives a ξ-dependent Hamiltonian, which we now calculate. Assume that U (Φ, K, ξ) is a function that behaves as a scalar under canonical transformations Φ, K → Φ ′ , K ′ , i.e. such that U ′ (Φ ′ , K ′ , ξ) = U (Φ, K, ξ). Then formula (6.6) turns into [11] (see also the appendix of [18]) where F(Φ, K ′ , ξ) is the generating functional of the canonical transformation and the tilde means that, after taking the ξ derivative, the source K ′ must be expressed in terms of Φ, K and ξ.
It may be more convenient to work with the interpolation (7.10), whose h-logarithm is ξ independent, rather than (7.11). The dependence of the correlation functions on the parameters introduced by a canonical transformation is encoded into the equations of gauge dependence [20,10,11,21,13], sometimes known as Nielsen identities. The componential map and the other tools of this paper may be convenient to manipulate those equations more efficiently. In particular, the interpolation (7.9) allows us to take advantage of the background field method and prove key properties of renormalization in simpler, more powerful ways. An illustration of this fact can be found in ref. [22], where an important theorem about the cohomology of renormalization was proved. That theorem allows us to classify the structures of the counterterms and the local contributions to anomalies.
In turn, the classification of counterterms and anomalies is important to show, to all orders of the perturbative expansion, that the gauge symmetries are not affected by the subtraction of divergences (up to canonical transformations). The background field method and the interpolation (7.11) have been used [18] to achieve this goal in manifestly nonanomalous theories, renormalizable or not. In potentially anomalous nonrenormalizable theories, such as the standard model coupled to quantum gravity, which require a more involved regularization [19], the goal must be achieved together with the proof of the Adler-Bardeen theorem [23,24] for the cancelation of anomalies to all orders (when they vanish at one loop). Within the standard, nonbackground approach, this was done for the first time in ref. [24]. The techniques of this paper and the results of [22] may be useful to upgrade the derivation of [24] to the background field approach and prepare the ground to make further progress.

Conclusions
Canonical transformations play an important role not only in classical mechanics, but also in quantum field theory. In several situations, it is useful to have practical formulas for the perturbative expansion of the generating functions around the identity map. In this paper we have given a number of such formulas, starting from the composition law, which we have expressed as the tree sector of a functional integral and later rephrased by means of the componential map.
The componential map is a standard way to express the generating function of a canonical transformation. It makes the inverse operation straightforward and obeys the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula. It also admits a simple diagrammatic interpretation and a time-ordered generalization. It can be related to the solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, expressed as a perturbative expansion in powers of a suitable Hamiltonian, its derivatives and its integrals over time.
The formulas we have found can be straightforwardly generalized from classical mechanics to quantum field theory, where the functionals and the conjugate variables may have both bosonic and fermionic statistics. Particularly interesting are the applications to the Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism. Canonical transformations are commonly used to implement the gauge fixing, make arbitrary changes of field variables and changes of the gauge fixing itself, switch to the background field method and subtract the counterterms proportional to the field equations. Various times these operations must be composed and inverted. Practical formulas, such as the ones given in this paper, allow us to handle these operations quickly. In particular, they can be convenient in nonrenormalizable theories, where the cohomology of counterterms and anomalies involves nonpolynomial functionals and the renormalization of divergences involves nonpolynomial canonical transformations.