Chern-Simons Theory in SIM(1) Superspace

In this paper, we will analyse a three dimensional supersymmetric Chern-Simons theory in SIM(1) superspace formalism. The breaking of the Lorentz symmetry down to the SIM(1) symmetry, breaks half the supersymmetry of the Lorentz invariant theory. So, the supersymmetry of the Lorentz invariant Chern-Simons theory with N=1 supersymmetry will break down to N=1/2 supersymmetry, when the Lorentz symmetry is broken down to the SIM(1) symmetry. First, we will write the Chern-Simons action using SIM(1) projections of N=1 superfields. However, as the SIM(1) transformations of these projections are very complicated, we will define SIM(1) superfields which transform simply under SIM(1) transformations. We will then express the Chern-Simons action using these SIM(1) superfields. Furthermore, we will analyse the gauge symmetry of this Chern-Simons theory. This is the first time that a Chern-Simons theory with N=1/2 supersymmetry will be constructed on a manifold without a boundary.


Introduction
Chern-Simons theories are topological field theories in which the action is proportional to the integral of the Chern-Simons 3-form [1]- [2]. Chern-Simons theories have important condensed matter applications as they are related to the fractional quantum hall effect [3]- [6]. In the fractional quantum hall effect collective state in which electrons bind magnetic flux lines to make new quasi-particles, the excitations have a fractional elementary charge. The supersymmetric generalization of the fractional quantum hall effect has also been analysed [7]- [8]. The Chern-Simons theory has been used for studding inflationary cosmology [9]- [12]. In fact, the Chern-Simons theory has also been used to balance potential forces in a generic mechanism of inflation [13]. In this model of inflation the field motion presence of a large Chern-Simons coupling is the direct analogue of the magnetic drift of a charged particle in a strong magnetic field. Thus, this model of inflation no special assumption is needed for the kinetic energy and the potential energy terms. All that is required is to make the magnetic drift slow enough to generate a long inflationary era. This is accomplished by making the Chern-Simons interaction sufficiently large.
Chern-Simons theories are essential for constructing the action of multiple M2-branes. According to the AdS/CF T correspondence, the superconformal field theory dual to the eleven dimensional supergravity on AdS 4 ×S 7 has N = 8 supersymmetry. This is because AdS 4 × S 7 ∼ [SO(2, 3)/SO (1,3)] × [SO(8)/SO (7)] ⊂ OSp(8|4)/[SO(1, 3) × SO (7)], and this supergroup OSp(8|4) gets realized as N = 8 supersymmetry of this dual superconformal field theory. Thus, a requirement for the superconformal field theory describing multiple M2-branes is that it should have N = 8 supersymmetry. Furthermore, this theory should have eight gauged valued scalar fields and sixteen physical fermions. This exhausts all the on-shell degrees of freedom and hence the gauge fields of this theory cannot contribute to any on-shell degrees of freedom. In other words, the gauge sector of this theory should be described by a topological field theory. It is possible to demonstrate that a matter-Chern-Simons theory, called the BLG theory, satisfies all these properties [14]- [18]. The gauge sector of this theory is described by a Chern-Simons theory in which the gauge fields take values in a Lie 3-algebra rather than a conventional Lie algebra. However, only one finite dimensional example of such a Lie 3-algebra exists, so, this theory only describes two M2-branes. It is possible to relax the requirement of manifest N = 8 supersymmetry, and use the ABJM theory to study multiple M2-branes. The gauge sector of the ABJM theory is described by two regular Chern-Simons theories with levels k and −k [19]- [23]. Even though it only has manifest N = 6 supersymmetry, its supersymmetry can be enhanced to the full N = 8 supersymmetry by monopole operators for k = 1 or k = 2 [24]- [25]. In fact, the ABJM theory coincides with the BLG theory for the only known example of the Lie 3-algebra. Apart from the constructing of the gauge sector of multiple M2-branes, Chern-Simons theories have also been used for analysing open strings ending on a D-brane in the A-model topological string theory [26]. The holomorphic Chern-Simons theory is also used for analysing the B-model in the string theory [27].
It may be noted that M2-branes can be coupled to background fields [28]- [29]. It is known that a noncommutative deformation of field theories occurs due to a constant background N S − N S B-field [30]- [36]. It is also possible to study D-branes in presence of a RR background [37]- [41]. In fact, a gravity dual of such a field theory has been constructed [42]. This gives rise to a non-anticommutative deformation of the field theory, which in turn breaks half of its supersymmetry. Four dimensional theories with N = 1/2 supersymmetry have been constructed by using non-anticommutative deformations of theories with N = 1 supersymmetry [43]- [48]. On the other hand, it is not possible to construct a three dimensional theory with N = 1/2 supersymmetry using a non-anticommutative deformation of the superspace. This is because there are not enough degrees of freedom in the three dimensional N = 1 superspace to perform such a deformation. However, it is possible to use non-anticommutativity to break the supersymmetry of a three dimensional theory from N = 2 supersymmetry to N = 1 supersymmetry [49]. It may be noted that the boundary effects can break the supersymmetry of a three dimensional theory with N = 1 supersymmetry to N = 1/2 supersymmetry [50]. This happens as the supersymmetric variation of a Lagrangian with N = 1 supersymmetry is a total derivative. In presence of a boundary, this total derivative gives rise to a boundary piece breaking the supersymmetry. However, it is possible to add a boundary term to the original Lagrangian such that its supersymmetric variation exactly cancels the boundary piece generated by the supersymmetric variation of the original Lagrangian. This way half the supersymmetry of the original theory can be preserved. In absence of a boundary the only known way to construct a three dimensional theory with N = 1/2 supersymmetry is by breaking the Lorentz group down to the SIM (1) group [51]. This is because the breaking of the Lorentz symmetry to the SIM (1) symmetry breaks half the supersymmetry of the theory [51]. In fact, half the supersymmetry of a four dimensional supersymmetric theory is also broken, if the Lorentz symmetry is broken down to the SIM (2) symmetry [52].
Various approaches to quantum gravity like discrete spacetime [53], spacetime foam models [54], spin-networks in loop quantum gravity [55], non-commutative geometry [56], and Horava-Lifshitz gravity [57], predict that the Lorentz symmetry will be broken at the Planck scale. So, there are strong theoretical motivations to study gauge theories in a spacetime where the Lorentz symmetry is spontaneously broken. Thus, there are strong indications that the Lorentz symmetry might be only a low energy effective symmetry. Even in string theory spontaneous breaking of the Lorentz symmetry occurs due to an unstable perturbative string vacuum. This is because in string field theory a tachyon field has the wrong sign for its mass squared, and this causes the perturbative string vacuum to become unstable. If the vacuum expectation value of the tachyon field is infinite, the theory becomes ill defined. However, if the vacuum expectation value of the tachyon field is finite and negative, the coefficient of the quadratic term for the massless vector field also becomes nonzero and negative. This causes spontaneous breaking of the Lorentz symmetry to occur [59]. It has been demonstrated that appropriate fluxes can also break the Lorentz symmetry in M-theory [60]. It is also possible to argue for spontaneous breaking of the Lorentz symmetry in string theory using the low energy effective action. Thus, it is possible to analyse a gravitational version of the Higgs mechanism for the low energy effective field theory action obtained from string theory. This gravitational version of the Higgs mechanism causes spontaneous breaking of the Lorentz symmetry to occur [61].
Motivated by the theoretical developments, which predict the breaking of the Lorentz symmetry in the ultraviolet limit, a model for spacetime geometry has been proposed which only preserves a subgroups of the Lorentz group [62]. However, the symmetry it preserves is enough to explain the various experimental bounds like the constancy of the velocity of light. This theory is called the very special relativity (VSR). In VSR, if the CP symmetry is also postulated to be a symmetry of the theory, then the full Lorentz group is recovered. In this context two subgroups of the Lorentz group that have been analysed are called the SIM (2) and HOM (2) groups. The Poincare symmetry preserved on a noncommutative Moyal plane with light-like noncommutativity also gives rise to VSR [60]. It may be noted that abelian gauge symmetry has been analysed in the context of VSR [63]. This work has also been recently generalized to include non-abelian gauge theories [64]. Four dimensional supersymmetric theories with the SIM (2) symmetry have also been analysed [65]. A superspace construction of such supersymmetric theories has also been performed [52], and the corresponding supergraph rules for these theories have been derived [66]. The Yang-Mills theory in SIM (2) superspace formalism have also been studied [67]. This work has been recently used to motivate the study of three dimensional Yang-Mills-matter theory in SIM (1) superspace formalism [51]. The construction of the three dimensional Yang-Mills-matter theory in SIM (1) superspace formalism was simplified by use of covariant projections. However, it is not possible to analyse the Chern-Simons theory by using covariant projections. So, the construction of the Chern-Simons theory in SIM (1) superspace requires highly non-trivial calculation, and this is what we aim to do in this paper.

Notation
The spinor notation, the form of supersymmetry generators as well as the definition of gauge covariant derivatives will be the same as in [51]. The supersymmetry generator and the super-derivative for a three dimensional theory with N = 1 supersymmetry is such that the anticommutator of spinor derivatives is The gauge covariant derivatives can now be expressed as and the connections are subject to gauge transformations where K is a real scalar superfield. The (anti)commutators of gauge covariant derivatives are given by where the field strengths are We would also like to recall some well known identities, which we are going to use a lot in this paper. We have the super-Jacobi identity where [·, ·] ± stands for the graded commutator and the tilde denotes the Grassmann parity. Then we have the super-Leibniz rule (from which rules for integration by parts follow) where for D we may substitute the Grassmann odd derivatives D α , d + or the Grassmann even derivatives ∂ αβ . We are also going to extensively use the cyclic property of the trace tr(ab) = (−1)ãbtr(ba), (9) and the identity

SIM(1) Supersymmetry
In this section, we are going to summarize some facts about the SIM (1) supersymmetry. The detailed explanation of the SIM (1) supersymmetry can be found in [51]. Here, we are only going to mention some basic facts.
The SIM (1) group is a subgroup of the Lorentz group consisting of all transformations that preserve a given null-direction, which means that a given null-vector is preserved up to a rescaling. This null-vector will be denoted n and we will assume that it is chosen such that it has only one nonzero coordinate n ++ = 1. When we work with spinors it is useful to write the Lorentz transformations with the help of the group SL(2, R), which is a double cover of SO + (2, 1). The Lorentz transformation of a spinor is then given as a multiplication by a matrix from SL(2, R). The reduction of the Lorentz group to the SIM (1) subgroup corresponds to the reduction of the group SL(2, R) to its two-dimensional subgroup of triangular matrices. Thus, the SIM (1) transformation of a general spinor ψ is given as where A, B ∈ R. The space of spinors S is not irreducible when the symmetry is reduced to the SIM (1) subgroup. There are two irreducible spaces that are important for understanding of the SIM (1) supersymmetry. The first one is the space S invariant of all spinors that satisfy the condition n /ψ = 0, the second one is the quotient space S quotient = S/S invariant . The space S invariant consists of spinors that have ψ + coordinate equal to zero, the space S quotient can be conveniently described if we choose in each equivalence class a representative for which the coordinate ψ − vanish. The SIM (1) transformations change spinors from these spaces as The SIM (1) supersymmetry is a reduction of the super-Poincare supersymmetry that we get if the Lorentz symmetry is reduced to its SIM (1) subgroup. However, it is not enough to reduce the spacetime symmetry, the amount of supersymmetry has to be reduced as well. We keep only half of the N = 1 supersymmetry when we make the reduction to the SIM (1) supersymmetry. Thus, we can say that the SIM (1) supersymmetry describes N = 1/2 supersymmetry. Since the amount of supersymmetry is halved, the number of anticommuting coordinates that parametrize SIM (1) superspace has to be halved as well. So, in the SIM (1) supersymmetry we have only one supercharge S + , one anticommuting coordinate θ − to which corresponds the spinor derivative d + . The supersymmetry generator and the spinor derivative can be written as and they satisfy The anticommuting coordinate θ − transforms under the SIM (1) group as a spinor from S invariant , the supersymmetry generator and the spinor derivative transform under the SIM (1) group as spinors from S quotient .

Chern-Simons Theory with SIM(1) Projections
In most application of the Chern-Simons theory, like the BLG theory [14]- [18] and the ABJM theory [19]- [23], the Chern-Simons theory is coupled to matter fields. We can write the total action for a simple matter-Chern-Simons theory as where S M is the action for matter fields, and S CS is the action for the Chern-Simons theory. The action for the Chern-Simons theory in N = 1 superspace can be written as where k is the level of the Chern-Simons theory. The matter fields coupled to gauge fields have already been studied in SIM (1) superspace [51], and the analysis here will not be very different. It is possible to break the Lorentz symmetry down to the SIM (1) symmetry by adding a suitable mass term [51] It may be noted that the mass deformed BLG theory is thought to be related to the theory of M5-branes [68]. In this paper, we will not analyse the detail construction of the BLG theory and the ABJM theory, but we will just assume that the Chern-Simons theory is suitably coupled to a term that breaks the Lorentz invariance to the SIM (1) invariance. We will thus construct a Chern-Simons theory in SIM (1) superspace with N = 1/2 supersymmetry, and explicitly demonstrate that this theory is gauge invariant. So, we are going to write the Chern-Simons action in SIM (1) superspace. We are going to do this in two steps. In the first step, we are going to write the Chern-Simons action using SIM (1) projections of Γ α , Γ αβ and SIM (1) projections of field strengths W α , F αβ . In this case SIM (1) projection means that we set the anticommuting coordinate θ + , which was removed when we made the reduction to SIM (1) superspace, to zero. In the second step, we are going to replace these projections with SIM (1) superfields which will have nicer transformation properties with respect to the SIM (1) group. The gauge transformations will be very complicated for these SIM (1) superfields.
Let us start with step one. We define SIM (1) projections of connections and SIM (1) projections of field strengths.
In the SIM (1) formulation of the gauge theory we will use the projections γ + , γ − , γ ++ , γ +− and γ −− . We will see that this set of projections contains all the information we need. The only constraint that this set of projections has to satisfy is is which follows from {∇ + , ∇ + } = −2∇ ++ . The projections of the field strengths (19) can be expressed as (anti)commutators of The projections of D − derivatives of the connections D − Γ α | θ + =0 and D − Γ αβ | θ + =0 can be calculated as The fact that we know projections of all connections and projections of their D − derivatives allows us to reconstruct the original connections. A Lorentz superfield Φ can be written with the help of its projection Φ| θ + =0 and projection of its The same thing can also be done in the case of connections. The projection γ − does not appear in any of our results and we do not need it to calculate any of field strengths. The infinitesimal gauge transformations of the projections (18) are quite simple where k is the SIM (1) projection k = K| θ + =0 of a real scalar superfield K and κ − = (D − K)| θ + =0 is a projection of its derivative. The SIM (1) projections of the field strengths (19) transform covariantly, thus their infinitesimal gauge transformations are just commutators with k The infinitesimal SIM (1) transformations of superfields can be split into two parts, δ s =δ s + δ ′ s . The first partδ s corresponds to the change that can be attributed to the representation carried by the superfield, the second part δ ′ s corresponds to the change caused by the transformation of the superspace coordinates. We will focus on the first part because the invariance of the action with respect to the second part is ensured by integration over superspace. The infinitesimal SIM (1) transformations of the projections (18), (19) follow directly from (11) and for derivatives we have

Chern-Simons Action with SIM(1) Projections
In this section, we are going to write down the Chern-Simons action (16) in SIM (1) superspace. This SIM (1) action should depend only on SIM (1) superfields γ α , γ αβ , w α , f αβ and their d + , ∂ αβ derivatives. Moreover, it should be written as a SIM (1) superspace integral of a SIM (1) Lagrangian. Since we do not have the θ − coordinate in SIM (1) superspace, there is no integration over θ − in the SIM (1) superspace integral. The first step to obtain the SIM (1) action is the reduction of the integration measure. We expand the summation in the action and write everything with lower indices and then we integrate over D − The integration measure can now be written as d 3 xd + and the expression inside the integral can be expressed with SIM (1) superfields. If there is no D − derivative acting on the Lorentzian superfield, then we can replace it with its projection (18), (19). If the D − derivative acts on one of the connections Γ α , Γ αβ , then we use the substitutions (22). In the case where the D − derivative acts on the field strength W α , we calculate the projection from (6c) What remains is to calculate the projection of the D − derivative of the anticommutator {Γ α , Γ β }. In the case of {Γ + , Γ + } we get where we used where we used the super-Jacobi identity 2 When we substitute all the above expressions in (29), we obtain This result satisfies all the requirements that we expect from the SIM (1) action. It is expressed as a SIM (1) superspace integral and it is expressed with the help of SIM (1) superfields and their derivatives. This action can be further simplified if we use the fact that all surface terms vanish. We are going to need the surface terms that are total d + derivatives and also some surface terms that are total spacetime derivatives If appropriate multiples of these surface terms are added to the action (35), all terms that contain derivatives are eliminated. This gives us the action which could also be written as The terms that contain two (anti)commutators vanish because of the super-Jacobi iden-

Gauge Invariance of the Action
In this section, we are going to verify the gauge invariance of the SIM (1) superspace Chern-Simons action (41) that we have derived in the previous section. According to (24), (25), the change in the Chern-Simons action caused by an infinitesimal gauge transformation is As expected, all terms that contain commutator i[k, ·] cancel due to the cyclic property of the trace and the super-Jacobi identity, so we are left with Now, we integrate by parts to move the derivatives away from the superfield k The above expression consists of two parts, the bulk part and the surface part. When we substitute for the field strengths (21) and their derivatives then the terms in the bulk part cancel one another and only the surface term remains This surface term vanishes because we assume that we are working on a manifold without a boundary, so our action is gauge invariant.

SIM(1) Invariance of the Action
In the Lorentz invariant setting, the Lorentz invariance is manifest. It follows from the fact that upper indices are summed with lower indices. In the SIM (1) setting, the invariance under SIM (1) transformations is not manifest, its verification is a nontrivial task. In this section, we are going to verify the SIM (1) invariance of the Chern-Simons action (41).
According to (26) and (27), the infinitesimal change of the action is The terms with A cancel one another because each term (including d + from the integration measure) contains the same number of plus and minus indices, so, for each +A term there is one −A term. Thus, we are left with After we substitute for the field strengths (21), we obtain We will show that the above expression can be written as a surface term. In order to do that we will need the following total d + derivatives and Here we used (20), the identity d + d + = −∂ ++ and Now, the infinitesimal change of the action (49) can be written as where we also used the identity The above expression for δ s S CS can be written as a sum of a total ∂ −− derivative and a total d + derivative This term vanishes since we assume that we are working on a manifold without a boundary, so the Chern-Simons action (41) is SIM (1) invariant.

Chern-Simons Theory with Redefined Superfields
The superfields that have been used to write down the action (41) have nontrivial SIM (1) transformation properties. The matrix that appear in (11) is not diagonal, so the SIM (1) transformations mix the superfields with minus indices with those that have plus indices. However, it is possible to redefine SIM (1) superfields such that they they do not suffer from this deficiency [51]. The SIM (1) transformation properties of these redefined superfields are simpler because they do not carry representation of S, they carry representation of S invariant and S quotient instead. The idea behind these redefined SIM (1) superfields could be most easily understood on an example of a spinor superfield. Let us consider a spinor superfield Ψ and its projections which transform under the infinitesimal SIM (1) transformations aŝ The transformation rule for the projection ψ + is a consequence of the fact that the projection ψ + carries the same representation that we have on the space S invariant (12). The SIM (1) transformation of the ψ − projection mixes it with ψ + projection. Instead of the SIM (1) superfield ψ − we are going to use the redefined SIM (1) superfield ψ × that carries the same representation as we have on S quotient (12). For this purpose we define the operator or in components The superfield ψ × is defined with the help of this operator as The infinitesimal SIM (1) transformation of this superfield, does not mix it with ψ + , The SIM (1) superfields that we are going to use in this section will be defined in exactly the same way. Although the above example used a superfield that carries only one index, the procedure that has been described can be easily generalized for superfields that carry more than one index. If there are multiple indices, we just need to repeat the above procedure for each index. Instead of SIM (1) superfields γ + , γ − , γ ++ , γ +− , γ −− that has been used to describe the Chern-Simons in section 4, we are going to use superfields γ + , γ ++ that were defined in (18) and The infinitesimal gauge transformations of these superfields are more complicated that the ones for γ − , γ +− , γ −− , where we use the redefined SIM (1) superfield instead of κ − . The SIM (1) transformations of redefined superfields are very simplê δ s γ + = Aγ + ,δ s γ ++ = 2Aγ ++ ,δ s γ ×+ = 0,δ s γ ×× = −2Aγ ×× .
In fact, we can treat × as a new type of index. Each of indices +, − and × have a specific transformation law (57), (61) attached to it. The action of the SIM (1) group on SIM (1) superfield is fully determined by the types of indices it carries.

Chern-Simons Action with Redefined Superfields
In this section, we are going to rewrite the action (41) such that it is expressed with the help of redefined SIM (1) superfields that have been introduced in the previous section.
Before we start our calculations, we would like to mention few properties of the operator ∂ ×− that we are going to need. There are two identities that follow directly from the definition of this operator and there is a rule for integration by parts In order to eliminate γ +− , γ −− from the action (41), we have to make the substitutions which are just inverse relations to (62). We also have to substitute for the field strengths w + and w − (21) where and The field strength f −− is given by Now, we are ready to evaluate each of the four terms that appear in the action (41). The first term is the second term is the third term is and finally the fourth term is We placed a designation consisting of an uppercase letter followed by a number under each term on the right side so we can easily identify them in later calculations. We are going to use the equivalence sign to denote that expressions differ by something that has trace equal to a surface term The sum of the above terms constitute the integrand of the Chern-Simons action. We are going to split this sum into smaller pieces, such that each piece is separately will be kept as they are, the terms and we also have Another expressions that are easy to handle are and where we used the identity (24), (54) We also have where we used (84) to show that The terms that we have not used yet could be arranged into expressions and These two expressions do not lead to contributions to the action that are separately SIM (1) invariant, however, we can combine them into a SIM (1) invariant expression.
In (87), we use (20) to replace γ ++ with expression that contains only γ + , Next we will show that the first term on the right hand side is a surface term. We integrate by parts to move all derivatives and the propagator such that they act on the first term, and then we use the cyclic property of the trace to show that In the second term on the right hand side of (89) we are going to use the identity (66) to express ∂ ++ with ∂ −− , ∂ ×− and ∂ ++ , then we are going to use integration by parts to move some derivatives and propagators. Finally, we are going to use the identity (66) again, this time to get ∂ ++ back into our expression Now we take two thirds of the second term on the right hand side of (89) and two thirds of the expression that we obtained in (91) The first two terms can be written as which, when traced and integrated over SIM (1) superspace, gives SIM (1) invariant contribution to the action. The third term in (92) is a surface term. In order to show that we use the identity and the identity (95) To prove this identity, we used the second identity from (66). The first term in (95) vanishes according to identity (94), so the second term, which is the same as the third term in (92), must vanish, As for the last term in (92), we have the identity where we used (20) and (54). The last term (d (97) is a surface term. In order to prove it, we use the cyclic property of the trace to exchange d + {γ + , γ + } with ∂ 3 ×− {γ + , γ + }, integrate by parts to move d + from the first anticommutator to the second anticommutator and to move ∂ 3 ×− from the second anticommutator to the first anticommutator. The result that we obtain in this way is the same as the original expression, but with opposite sign, hence it must be a surface term. Thus (97) gives us the identity Now, with the help of this identity, we combine the last term in (92) with (88), which also leads to a SIM (1) invariant contribution to the action. This completes our work because the action (100) is a sum of (79), (80), (81), (82), (83), (85), (93) and (99). The Chern-Simons action can now be written as Thus, we have been able to write the Chern-Simons action explicitly using redefined SIM (1) superfields. As we have expressed the Chern-Simons theory using redefined SIM (1) superfields, it is manifestly SIM (1) invariant.

Conclusion
In this paper, we analysed the Chern-Simons theory in SIM (1) superspace. We started with the Lorentz invariant Chern-Simons theory with N = 1 supersymmetry. We broke the Lorentz symmetry down to the SIM (1) symmetry, and this in turn broke half the supersymmetry of the original theory. Thus, we obtained a Chern-Simons theory with N = 1/2 supersymmetry. This was the first time that a Chern-Simons theory with N = 1/2 supersymmetry has been constructed on a manifold without a boundary. Theories with N = 1/2 supersymmetry are usually constructed by imposing nonanticommutativity. A non-anticommutative deformation of a four dimensional theory with N = 1 supersymmetry breaks down half of its supersymmetry, and we get a theory with N = 1/2 supersymmetry. However, there are not enough degrees of freedom in three dimensions to perform such a deformation. Thus, it is not possible to construct a Chern-Simons theory with N = 1/2 supersymmetry by imposing non-anticommutativity. It may be noted that we initially expressed the Chern-Simons theory using SIM (1) projections of superfields. However, the transformation properties of these SIM (1) projections were very complicated. So, we redefined these superfields to the ones which have simple SIM (1) transformation properties. Finally, we expressed the Chern-Simons theory using these redefined SIM (1) superfields.
It may be noted that the gauge sector of both the BLG theory [14]- [18], and the ABJM theory [19]- [23] comprises of a Chern-Simons theory. Furthermore, it is known that in string theory spontaneous breaking of the Lorentz symmetry occurs due to an unstable perturbative string vacuum [58]. It is expected that such a mechanism can operate even in M-theory. It has been demonstrated that appropriate fluxes can break the Lorentz symmetry in M-theory [59]. The spontaneous breaking of the Lorentz symmetry can also be achieved by using a gravitational version of the Higgs mechanism for the low energy effective action of string theory [61]. A similar procedure can be followed for the eleven dimensional supergravity action, which is the low energy effective action of M-theory. Thus, it could be possible to study spontaneous symmetry breaking the Lorentz symmetry in for M-theory. It would be interesting to use the results of this paper to study such a spontaneous symmetry breaking. It may be noted that another way to break the Lorentz symmetry would be to couple the BLG theory to a mass term, in such a way that only SIM (1) invariance is left. The mass deformed BLG theory is thought to be related to the theory of multiple M5-branes [68], hence, it would be interesting to study such a system. It could also be interesting to generalize the analysis of this paper to Chern-Simons theories with higher amount of supersymmetry. In fact, SIM (2) superspace has already been constructed [65], and from a supersymmetric point of view N = 1 supersymmetry in four dimensions is equivalent to N = 2 supersymmetry in three dimensions. So, it will be possible to use the results obtained in the construction of SIM (2) superspace to analyse breaking of the Lorentz symmetry down to the SIM (1) symmetry, for a Chern-Simons theory with N = 2 supersymmetry. It would be interesting to use these results for analysing a system of multiple M2-branes. In this case, we can start by writing the ABJM theory or the BLG theory in N = 2 super-space, and then spontaneously break the Lorentz symmetry to the SIM (1) symmetry. It could also be interesting to investigate various mechanisms which can cause such a spontaneous breaking of the Lorentz symmetry.