Observational constraints on the types of cosmic strings

This paper is aimed at setting observational limits to the number of cosmic strings (Nambu–Goto, Abelian-Higgs, semilocal) and other topological defects (textures). Radio maps of CMB anisotropy, provided by the space mission Planck for various frequencies, were filtered and then processed by the method of convolution with modified Haar functions (MHF) to search for cosmic string candidates. This method was designed to search for solitary strings, without additional assumptions as regards the presence of networks of such objects. The sensitivity of the MHF method is δT≈10μK\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\delta T \approx 10~\upmu \hbox {K}$$\end{document} in a background of δT≈100μK\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\delta T \approx 100~\upmu \hbox {K}$$\end{document}. The comparison of these with previously known results on search string network shows that strings can only be semilocal in the range of 1÷5\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$1 \div 5$$\end{document}, with the upper restriction on individual string tension (linear density) of Gμ/c2≤7.36×10-7\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$G\mu /c^2 \le 7.36 \times 10^{-7}$$\end{document}. The texture model is also legal. There are no strings with Gμ/c2>7.36×10-7\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$G\mu /c^2 > 7.36 \times 10^{-7}$$\end{document}. However, a comparison with the data for the search of non-Gaussian signals shows that the presence of several (up to three) Nambu–Goto strings is also possible. For Gμ/c2≤4.83×10-7\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$G\mu /c^2 \le 4.83 \times 10^{-7}$$\end{document} the MHF method is ineffective because of unverifiable spurious string candidates. Thus the existence of strings with tensions Gμ/c2≤4.83×10-7\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$G\mu /c^2 \le 4.83 \times 10^{-7}$$\end{document} is not prohibited but it is beyond the Planck data possibilities. The same string candidates have been found in the WMAP 9-year data. Independence of Planck and WMAP data sets serves as an additional argument to consider those string candidates as very promising. However, the final proof should be given by optical deep surveys.


Introduction
The expansion and cooling of the Universe took place in several phases of transition, while different types of topological a e-mail: cosmologia@yandex.ru b e-mail: wediaaa91@hotmail.it c e-mail: moimaitre@mail.ru defects were formed. The best known topological defects are cosmic strings (CS), whose topological structure of the symmetry breaking at the phase transition ensures their stability. CS were postulated by Kibble [1] and immediately became a hot issue in both theoretical physics and cosmology [2,3]. It can be stated that topological CS are infinitely long and filamentary remnants of primordial dark energy (high energy symmetric vacuum) which formed in the early Universe and were then stretched by the cosmological expansion up to the point that, at the present epoch, some CS could cross the entire length of the observable Universe. The detection of CS would allow us to disentangle the true underlying theoretical framework and to extend our experimental knowledge in the GUT energy domain which is unavailable to modern and foreseen particle accelerators (i.e. 10 14 ÷10 16 GeV). It would also allow us to confirm on observational grounds some of the key points of inflation theory. CS formation appears to be ubiquitous in GUT theories and in fundamental superstring theory. Therefore, the models with non-topological defects, called semilocal strings, have become quite popular (see [4] and references therein).
Active search for observational manifestations of CS, as well as probabilistic estimations of their number [5], show that, whether or not they exist, CS should be very few.

Methods of CS observational search
A CS produces the peculiar conical topology of the spacetime and it may cause a detectable effects both in radio and in optical data. Modern strategies for detecting CS can be subdivided in three main classes: 1. detection through gravitational lensing effects. The method is based on the extensive monitoring of deep optical surveys [6][7][8][9][10]. The aim is to find chains of pairs of virtual and particularly truncated galaxy images which a CS is expected to produce; Fig. 1 The Molveide projection of the sky is used. It is showed simulated structure of anisotropy (temperature variation) induced by one straight CS lying on the line connecting the north and south Galac-tic pole. A string is moving relativistically from the left to the right. The full jump in temperature when crossing the string front is two (in dimensionless units) 2. detection through the signatures left by CS on the CMB anisotropy [11][12][13]; 3. detection of model depended and rare features such as, for instance, the gravitational radiation from CS loops, the interactions of CS with black holes, the decay of heavy particles emitted by CS, and the interaction of two CS [14].
We believe that the combined use of the first and the second method is the most powerful strategy in CS searching. Next, we will discuss only the CS search in the Planck radio data.

Search for anisotropy of CMB induced by a solitary CS by modified Haar functions
We will discuss only relevant to astrophysical point of view long strings of cosmological size. We have tried to determine if anisotropy is generated by a solitary, long, straight CS moving with a constant velocity v, owning to the tension (linear density) μ against a homogeneous and isotropic background [13]. The moving long CS may generate anisotropy in the CMB due to the simple Doppler mechanism. This is known as the Kaiser-Stebbins effect [11]: a moving CS induces a relative speed between the light source and observer and causes a shift of photons.
Following the standard procedure to calculate the temperature anisotropy induced by a CS [14], we obtained According to our model [13], an anisotropy induced by solitary CS represents a sequence of zones of decreased and increased temperature: the cold spot in front of moving string, the step-like jump, and then appearance of hot spot; finally a cold spot follows again (Fig. 1). Due to the specific discontinuity structure of CS anisotropy and its low amplitude we searched its traces with a special step-like set of modified Haar functions (MHF); see Appendix I and [15]. We use MHF as convolution kernel for the processing of the WMAP and Planck CMB data. The entire power of the "signal" (CS anisotropy) is concentrated in a single Haar harmonic, so that an optimal marginal filter is realized.
Our method is able to detect a CS at a level of δT ≈ 10 µK [15].
The convolution procedure is the standard technique based on the use of the most appropriate and complete orthonormal system. In our case of a step-like signal the choice is the MHF set.
In principle, we could expand our data in ordinary trigonometric functions of the angular coordinate of the disk (e.g., sin φ and cos φ) and in some set of functions that are orthogonal to the disk radius (for example, Zernike polynomials, which are commonly used when considering optical aberrations). However, generally speaking, expansion in functions (of an angular variable) of any other form implies that the signal power is distributed over all the harmonics. Thus, when expanded in trigonometric functions of the angular anisotropy due to the CS, the amplitudes of all the harmonics will be non-zero. In other words, the signal from the CS will be smeared out over the entire spectrum. In order for the signal to be detected, the power smeared out over all the harmonics must be "gathered" to make use of the full power of the signal.
For our purpose the MHF is a realization of the first harmonic of the Haar system of orthogonal functions with cyclic shift. This function is equal to 1 in the rotation range [0, π), and it is equal to −1 in the rotation range [π, 2π). Since a CS could be oriented arbitrarily with respect to a grid of lines of longitude and latitude, the search for a CS at each point requires multiple convolutions with a rotation of the circle, which corresponds to a shift in the "jump" in the Haar function. This shift yields a new orthogonal and complete set of functions: MHF. The rotations result in a set of amplitudes. When there is a CS at a convolution point, the harmonic is maximum if a chord of the circle coincides with the position of the CS. We assigned each pixel a value equal to the corresponding maximum value of the convolution, in this way making a map of CS candidates (see Fig. 3).
Before the MHF algorithm was applied on real data we estimated its efficiency and chose the optimal convolution circle radius.
We applied MHF algorithm to process a map that was a sum of two model maps. The first map was a simulated map of the primordial CMB anisotropy that arose at the surface of last scattering. We generated 300 such maps starting from a simulated power spectrum, generated by CMBEASY [16,17], a lighter and faster version of CMBFAST. The second map was a pure anisotropy generated by a straight, moving CS (see Fig. 1 as an example of such map). The maps of the primordial CMB anisotropy and the anisotropy generated by the moving CS were summed with a coefficient to characterize the signal-to-noise ratio. To choose an optimal circle radius for a search for CS, we performed computer simulations to obtain maps of the distribution of the harmonic amplitude for circles with various radii. We characterized the CS detection by the signal-to-noise ratio, since the CS position in the model maps was known. The amplitude at the CS location was taken to be the signal and the rms of the harmonic amplitude in the map to be the noise. Those simulations indicate that the optimal value of the convolution circle radius is from 3 • to 5 • .
In order to study the efficiency of the MHF algorithm we also apply statistical methods of simulations. We created a robust set of 300 maps of sky simulating the CMB structure without any string. In Figs. 5, 6, and 7 in Appendix II we show examples of those simulated maps, in Figs. 8, 9, and 10 we show examples of the result of the MHF algorithm. There are less than one false string candidates in simulations (see Appendix II for details). Those statistics strongly support the efficiency of the MHF algorithm.

CS candidates in Planck data
We prepared six independent original Planck maps (from 100 to 857 GHz) cleaning them with recommended Galaxy filters and point source extractors ( [18]; see Fig. 2 as a map example for 143 GHz). Then we applied to the cleaned maps the MHF algorithm, convolving them in each pixel with a MHF specified in a circle. As result we find CS candidates (see Fig. 3). One can see artificial traces along the mask boundary which must be excluded in CS search. The CS number is a function of their tension. The most important conclusion is that we put restrictions on the CS tension.
There are no CS with tension more than Gμ/c 2 = 7.36×10 −7 . For tensions in the range Gμ/c 2 = 6.44×10 −7 to Gμ/c 2 = 7.36 × 10 −7 we have no more than one CS candidate. For the lowest tension limit available by the MHF algorithm we have no more than five CS candidates in the whole Universe inside the last scattering surface. For Gμ/c 2 ≤ 4.83 × 10 −7 the MHF method is ineffective because of unverifiable or even wrong CS candidates. Thus the existence of string with tensions Gμ/c 2 ≤ 4.83 × 10 −7 is not excluded, but it is beyond the Planck data possibilities.
We use simple criteria for a CS candidate. We consider a detection to be positive if we find: • a continuous line; • at least three correlated vector of temperature gradients.
For example, for the filter 143 GHz, the 1σ value corresponds to δT = 14.8 µK but in this case we have some wrong candidates which have to be studied by additional optical methods (search for an excess of gravitational lensing events in vicinity of the CS candidates). The 2σ and 3σ levels correspond to 29.6 µK (Gμ/c 2 = 4.21 × 10 −7 , [19]) and 44.4 µK (Gμ/c 2 = 6.32 × 10 −7 ), respectively. We have applied this procedure to all the available wavechannels: 100, 143, 217, 353, 545, 857 GHz. We have applied all the available point source masks for each channel and Galaxy masks (to extract the Galaxy radiations) for recommended [18] sky coverage of 70, 80, 90, 95, 97, 99 % (Table 1).
Of course, in this procedure we can miss some candidates lying in the equatorial Galactic region.
We used all available filters to compare the positions of the candidates and filter out those which are not present at all frequencies, as the appearance of a real CS shall not depend on the observation frequency.
It should be emphasized that we found CS candidates in two independent data sets: WMAP and Planck.  Table 2).
Let us suppose, without loss of generality, a homogeneous distribution of CS in the network. In fact this assumption did not contradict with observation and there are a lot of types of networks in theoretical approaches. Therefore, for solitary CS the restriction on tension becomes where N is CS number.
To estimate the contribution of the energy of the CS network on the total energy of the Universe it is usually used the unequal time correlator (UETC) of the CS stress energy tensor [20]. The CS tension is usually quantified in terms of the dimensionless ratio Gμ/c 2 . This ratio is not a CS tension of one string. This is only normalization of power spectrum produced by CS network to be consistent with CMB data [21]. In other words this value gives us the upper limit to estimate the fraction of energy in string with respect to the total energy of the Universe.
Planck (and WMAP) cannot mark out single strings. They are dealing with the network in a whole. Values from Table 2 (see [18] for details) give the inequalities for each CS types: where a is the corresponding upper limit from Table 2.
The MHF allow us to try to find individual, single strings. Therefore we can compare the tension from network simulations with tension of individual CS.
In Fig. 4 we put together our CS candidates and regions from (1). The vertical axis is CS number. The horizontal axis is CS tension Gμ/c 2 in units 10 7 . The gray region is that permitted for semilocal CS and textures model. The black region is that permitted for Nambu-Goto, Abelian-Higgs field theory, and Abelian-Higgs mimic CS models. The areas were obtained from the inequality (1).
The closed black contour is from Planck CMB data analysis by MHF. One can see the only semilocal CS (and textures) models are consistent with estimation of solitary CS number. Therefore, the main result is that in MHF analysis there are no CS candidates of Nambu-Goto, Abelian-Higgs field theory, and Abelian-Higgs mimic models. The region at the left side of the vertical dash line is where the MHF method is ineffective, as we already mentioned. Thus the existence of semilocal CS with tensions Gμ/c 2 ≤ 4.83 × 10 −7 is not forbidden but it is beyond the Planck data scope.

Conclusions
A new algorithm to CS detection in CMB maps (WMAP, Planck) was elaborated, simulated, and tested. This algorithm is based on convolution procedure of original observational radio data with modified Haar functions (MHF) and is able to achieve the resolution for CS deficit angles of the order of 1 arcsec. The main result that there are no CS with tension more than Gμ/c 2 = 7.36 × 10 −7 .
Secondly, there was found a list of preliminary CS candidates in the Planck data. The same CS candidates have been found in the WMAP 9-year data. Independence of Planck and WMAP data sets serves as an additional argument to consider those CS candidates as very promising. However, the final proof should be given by optical deep surveys by observation of gravitational lensing chains (this is the aim of future intense work).
Finally, our MHF algorithm with the results in [18] made it possible to clarify the preferred CS types. The most preferable types of CS are semilocal ones, described by the model with complex scalar doublet [14]. If its imaginary part is equal to 0, the semilocal CS becomes the Abelian-Higgs CS. The main difference between these two types of CS is that the semilocal CS can have ends (monopoles) and can be unstable under certain conditions. The topological ("ordinary") CS have no ends. Formally they break on the surface of last scattering. It means that if our CS candidates are topological defects, then they have to be very far from the observer, up to z = 7, because their length is much less than 100 • [13]. In this case we have no possibility to observe their effects in the optical data by looking through gravitational lensing events, and we will never confirm our candidates by independent optical observation. But the situation substantially changes if we are dealing with semilocal CS. They can be closer to us, being not very long. Therefore our strategy is now to find suitable optical fields to search for the chains of gravitational lenses, produced by candidates to semilocal CS. The structure of the CS candidates found by the MHF method confirms the view of semilocal CS as a collection of segments. It is also necessary to mention that the comparisons with the data for the search of non-Gaussian signals [18] shows that the presence of several (up to 3) Nambu-Goto CS is also possible but the semilocal CS remain the most favored.
By Haar [22] has been introduced a set of functions, complete and orthonormal on the space [0, 1]. This system has been defined by the function φ 0 = 1 and by the set of functions ("series" of functions): The "series" number n refers to 2 n functions. We have In points of discontinuity the Haar functions φ n, i can be defined arbitrarily. In the common case: Let us introduce the modified Haar functions {ψ n i } with cyclic shift [23]. For simplicity we will take them on the compact space [0, 1] with a real cyclic shift a ∈ [0, 1/2]. Depending on the parameter a the functions {ψ n i } can be divided into four similar groups for 0 < a < 1 − i/2 n , 1 − i/2 n < a < 1 − i/2 n + 1/2 n+1 , 1 − i/2 n + 1/2 n+1 < a < 1 − i/2 n + 1/2 n , and 1 − (i − 1)/2 n < a < 1/2.
The subscripts "0" and "1" refer to the radial and angular variables of a CS, respectively.
For the first case we have ψ (a) If 1 − (i − 1)/2 n < a < 1/2, then ψ (d) For fixed a the set of modified Haar functions is complete and orthonormal, as well as the system of classical Haar functions [23]. Therefore it is correct to use it in searching for signals.

Appendix II: Simulations of false string detection
In order to study the efficiency of the MHF algorithm we generate 300 maps of sky simulating the CMB structure without any string. In Figs    CS candidates, respectively. Analysis of the original observational WMAP and Planck data shows the presence of one up to five CS candidates when using 70 % of the Galactic filter (recommended by [18]). The significance level is 3σ .
If in the data (using 70 % Galactic filter) is found only one CS candidate, then the probability that this is a false candidate is 26 %. If there are two CS candidates in the data (using the same 70 % Galactic filter), the statistics on false candidates cannot explain this excess.