Limit on sterile neutrino contribution from the Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment

The recent analysis of the normalization of reactor antineutrino data, the calibration data of solar neutrino experiments using gallium targets, and the results from the neutrino oscillation experiment MiniBooNE suggest the existence of a fourth light neutrino mass state with a mass of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\mathcal{O}~(\mathrm{eV})$\end{document}, which contributes to the electron neutrino with a sizable mixing angle. Since we know from measurements of the width of the Z0 resonance that there are only three active neutrinos, a fourth neutrino should be sterile (i.e., interact only via gravity). The corresponding fourth neutrino mass state should be visible as an additional kink in β-decay spectra. In this work the phase II data of the Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment have been analyzed searching for a possible contribution of a fourth light neutrino mass state. No signature of such a fourth mass state has been found and limits on the mass and the mixing of this fourth mass state are derived.


Introduction
Experiments with atmospheric, solar, reactor and accelerator neutrinos gave compelling evidence that neutrinos from one flavor state can be detected in another flavor state after some flight distance. This well-established phenomenon neutrino oscillation is usually explained by neutrino mixing: Firstly, the three flavor neutrino states ν e , ν μ and ν τ are superpositions of three neutrino mass eigenstates ν 1 , ν 2 and ν 3 connected by a unitary 3 × 3 mixing matrix U . Secondly, neutrino oscillations require that the three neutrino mass states differ in masses, i.e. at least two neutrino mass states ν i possess non-zero masses. Neutrino oscillation experiments yielded the three mixing angles θ 23 a e-mail: weinheimer@uni-muenster.de (sin 2 θ 23 = (3.86 +0. 24 −0.21 ) · 10 −1 ), θ 12 (sin 2 θ 12 = (3.07 +0.18 −0.16 ) · 10 −1 ) and recently θ 13 (sin 2 θ 13 = (2.41 +0. 25 −0.25 ) · 10 −2 ), as well as the two splittings between squared neutrino masses Δm 2 12 = m 2 (ν 2 ) − m 2 (ν 1 ) = (7.54 +0.26 −0.22 ) · 10 −5 eV 2 and |Δm 2 23 | = |m 2 (ν 3 ) − m 2 (ν 2 )| = (2.43 +0. 16 −0.10 ) · 10 −3 eV 2 (all values quoted after [1], using conventional units with c = 1 and = 1). 1 Nearly all these oscillation experiments-performed with neutrinos with very different energies, different flavors, different flight distances and with/without matter effectscan be described by three neutrino mass and three neutrino flavor states connected by a unitary 3 × 3 matrix. Yet, there is an increasing number of hints that this picture is not complete: There is the request for at least one additional scale of neutrino squared mass splittings Δm 2 ij = O (eV ) from the so called reactor neutrino anomaly [2], the normalization of gallium solar neutrino experiments [3][4][5][6], and from the accelerator neutrino experiments LSND [7] and Mini-BooNE [8]. Although cosmology gave hints that the number of neutrino degrees of freedom is rather four than three, introducing an eV mass scale is not trivial [9]. Since we know from the LEP studies of the Z 0 pole that the number of active neutrinos coupling to the W ± and the Z 0 bosons is 2.9840 ± 0.0082 [10] the fourth neutrino has to be sterile. By neutrino mixing the fourth neutrino state will become visible in neutrino oscillation and direct neutrino mass experiments [11]. The existence of sterile neutrinos is quite natural, because most theories describing non-zero neutrino masses exhibit right-handed and therefore sterile neutrinos. What is less natural is the eV-scale discussed here. A sum-mary of the physics and searches for sterile neutrinos can be found in a recent white paper [12].
Our paper is organized as follows: In Sect. 2 we discuss the influence of a fourth sterile neutrino on the spectrum of an allowed β-decay. The Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment is described briefly in Sect. 3. In Sect. 4 we present the result of a sterile neutrino search in the phase II data of the Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment before we give a conclusion and an outlook in Sect. 5.

Neutrino mass signature in β-decay
The energy spectrumṄ(E) of the β-electrons of an allowed β-decay is given by [13,14]: Here E and m denote the kinetic energy and mass of the electron, G F and Θ C Fermi's constant and the Cabibbo angle, M nucl the nuclear matrix element of the β-decay, F (E, Z ) the Fermi function describing the Coulomb interaction of the outgoing electron with the remaining daughter nucleus of charge Z , P j the probabilities to find the daughter ion after the β-decay in an electronic or rotationalvibrational excitation with excitation energy V j , and E 0 the maximum possible kinetic energy of the β-electron in case of m(ν i ) = 0, which is the Q-value of the decay minus the recoil energy of the daughter [14]. Θ is the Heaviside function. Assuming a fourth sterile neutrino ν s (or even a larger number of sterile neutrinos) requires to increase the number of neutrino flavor and mass states as well as the dimensions of the mixing matrix U : The sum over the neutrino mass states in Eq. (1) will then run from i = 1 to i = 4. Now we introduce the following simplification: The three neutrino states ν 1 , ν 2 and ν 3 are assumed to have about the same mass m(ν light ) ≈ m(ν 1 ) ≈ m(ν 2 ) ≈ m(ν 3 ). This assumption 2 is supported by the small differences between the squared neutrino masses found in neutrino oscillations (see Sect. 1). We can now sum up the first three terms |U 2 ei | in Eq. (1) and describe it by a single mixing angle ϑ : Equation (1) then simplifies tȯ From Eq. (4) it is obvious that the endpoint region of a β-spectrum is the most sensitive region to search for a contribution of a sterile neutrino with a mass m(ν 4 ) = O (1 eV). Therefore, tritium and 187 Re are the β-emitters of choice due to their endpoint energies of E 0 = 18.57 keV and E 0 = 2.47 keV, respectively, which are the two lowest known βendpoint energies. Figure 1 shows a β-spectrum near its endpoint E 0 for an arbitrarily chosen contribution of a fourth sterile neutrino mass state.

Phase II of the Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment
The Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment was investigating the endpoint region of the tritium β-spectrum from 1991 to 2001 to search for a non-zero neutrino mass [15,16]. In the following we will only describe and discuss the data of the Mainz phase II (1998-2001) after the upgrade, which took place from 1995 until 1997.
The Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment used an integrating electrostatic retardation spectrometer with magnetic guiding and collimating field of MAC-E-Filter type [17]. This spectrometer type combines a large accepted solid angle with a high energy resolution. The retardation potential was created by a system of 27 cylindrical electrodes, which of the β-spectrum to first order in m 2 (ν i )/(E 0 − V j − E) 2 [14]. Then we can define the electron neutrino mass squared as an average over all light mass eigenstates contributing to the electron neutrino: m 2 (ν e ) := 3 i=1 |U ei | 2 m 2 (ν i ), which would correspond to the mass of the light neutrino mass state m 2 (ν e ) ≈ m 2 (ν light ). To eject stored electrons, which could cause background, from the spectrometer, HF pulses on one of the electrodes were applied for about 3 s every 20 s between the measurements at a constant retarding voltage. A system of 5 superconducting solenoids provided the magnetic guiding field for the β-electrons from the tritium source in the first solenoid through a magnetic chicane through the spectrometer to a silicon detector. The tritium source consisted of a thin film of molecular tritium, which was quench-condensed onto a cold graphite substrate and kept at a temperature below 2 K. By laser ellipsometry the film thickness was determined to be typically 150 monolayers. The magnetic chicane eliminated source-correlated background. The low temperature below 2 K avoided the roughening transition of the homogeneously condensed tritium films with time [18]. Figure 2 illustrates the Mainz setup.
In 1998, 1999 and 2001 in total 6 runs of about one month duration each were taken under good and well-controlled experimental conditions. These data were analyzed with regard to the neutrino mass m(ν e ) [16]. The main systematic uncertainties of the Mainz experiment were the inelastic scattering of β-electrons within the tritium film, the excitation of neighbor molecules due to sudden change of the nuclear charge during β-decay, and the self-charging of the tritium film as a consequence of its radioactivity. As a result of detailed investigations in Mainz [16,[19][20][21]-mostly by dedicated experiments-the systematic corrections became much better understood and their uncertainties were reduced significantly. The high-statistics Mainz phase II data (1998)(1999)(2000)(2001) allowed the first determination of the probability of the neighbor excitation, which was found to occur in (5.0 ± 1.6 ± 2.2) % of all β-decays [16], in good agreement with the theoretical expectation [22].
The analysis of the last 70 eV below the endpoint of the phase II data gave no indication for a non-zero neutrino mass (see also Fig. 3) [16]. The result for the squared neutrino mass, corresponds-using the Feldman-Cousins method [23]-to an upper limit of

Analysis of Mainz phase II data with respect to sterile neutrino contribution
We now analyze the six runs of the Mainz phase II data with regard to a possible contribution of a sterile neutrino. In the former Mainz phase II analysis the following four fit parameters were determined by a fit to the data: the electron neutrino mass squared m 2 (ν e ), the endpoint energy E 0 , the normalizing amplitude a and a constant background rate b. For our sterile neutrino analysis we assume that the light neutrino mass can be neglected: m(ν light ) = m(ν e ) = 0 compared to the mass of the heavy sterile neutrino m(ν 4 ). This is not only justified by the neutrino mass limit shown in  Eq. (6) but also from a similar limit of the neutrino mass experiment at Troitsk [24] and from even more stringent neutrino mass limits from cosmology (e.g. [25]). To describe the β-spectrum including a fourth sterile neutrino mass state we use Eq. (4). Hence, we have now five fit parameters instead of the four fit parameters of the previous neutrino mass analysis: the squared mass of the heavy sterile neutrino m 2 (ν 4 ), its contribution by mixing sin 2 ϑ , the endpoint energy E 0 , the normalizing amplitude a and a constant background rate b.
In all other respects we do exactly the same as for the Mainz phase II analysis [16]. This includes using the same data sets of the six runs, which comprise the measured count rates as a function of the retarding voltage U , as well as applying the same so-called response function T (E, U ) of the Mainz apparatus. Our fit function F (U) should describe the expected count rate as function of the retarding voltage U of the spectrometer. To obtain this fit function the β-spectruṁ N(E) including a fourth, sterile neutrino (4) is convolved with the response function T (E, U ) of the apparatus and a constant background rate b is added: The response function T (E, U ) itself is a fivefold convolution of the transmission function T spec of the spectrometer of MAC-E-Filter type, the energy loss function of the β-electrons in the T 2 film f loss [19], the charge-up potential in the film f charge [21], the backscattering function from the graphite (HOPG) substrate f back , and the energy dependence of the detector efficiency f det [16]: The five functions T spec , f loss , f charge , f back , f det are described in detail in the Mainz phase II analysis paper [16] and we copy the former analysis methods by even applying the same computer programs for these five functions and for T (E, U ).
For calculating the β-spectrum we use the final states distribution from the Mainz phase II analysis [26] including also the excitation of neighboring T 2 molecules during the β-decay and small shifts of higher excited electronic states in solid T 2 with respect to gaseous T 2 as described in the Mainz phase II analysis [16]. Although there are two slightly updated final states distributions [27,28] the differences are so tiny that we still used the one [26], which has been applied for the Mainz phase II analysis.
Fitting was done by the usual χ 2 minimization method applying the program MINUIT from CERN. Our systematic uncertainties we derived in the same way as for the Mainz phase II analysis: For every parameter p with systematic uncertainty Δp, e.g. the thickness of the T 2 film, we performed the whole fitting three times, with the parameter set to p, to p − Δp and to p + Δp, respectively. The obtained variations in our observable of interest sin 2 ϑ for a fixed mass squared of the fourth neutrino mass state m 2 (ν 4 ) defined the systematic uncertainty to our observable ±1σ p,sys (sin 2 ϑ) by the parameter p. Since the uncertainty Δp of the parameter p, e.g. the uncertainty of the film thickness, usually differs among the six data sets we calculated the correct average by minimizing the χ 2 for all six data sets together, as described in the Mainz phase II analysis [16].
We briefly report on the systematic uncertainties, which we took into account in the same way as in the Mainz phase II neutrino mass search [16]: 1. Final states of the daughter molecule: We use the calculation by Saenz et al. [26], which was performed for gaseous T 2 with fully satisfactory precision compared to the additional uncertainties due to the solid state of the tritium source: In solid T 2 the excitation energy of higher excited final states shifts up slightly with respect to the ground state of ( 3 HeT) + . Similarly, the energy of excited electronic states in solid D 2 has been measured by inelastic electron scattering to be shifted upwards with respect to gaseous T 2 [19]. The shift of the excited electronic levels of ( 3 HeT) + in solid T 2 has been estimated by A. Saenz [29]. The shifts are larger for higher excited states. Saenz found a correction of 0.8 eV for the second electronically excited state group and of 1.4 eV for the third one. Even higher excited states do not play a significant role for this analysis. To be conservative, we consider the difference in the fit results on m 2 (ν e ) with and without this correction fully as systematic uncertainty.

2.
Energy loss in the T 2 film: The spectrum and the cross section of inelastic scattering of the β-electrons have been determined by the spectroscopy of 83m Kr conversion electrons traversing thin D 2 films [19]. The relative uncertainty of the cross section σ inelastic was determined with a precision of 5.4 %, the relative uncertainty of the measurement of the film thickness ρd by laser ellipsometry was 3 % averaged over all runs. Thus, the relative uncertainty of σ inelastic ρd amounts to 6.2 %. 3. Hydrogen coverage of the T 2 film with time: By investigating the film thickness before and after the run as well as by analysing the time-dependent tritium β-spectra we found that the T 2 had been covered during a run by a growing hydrogen film with a rate of 0.3 monolayers of H 2 per day. To account for possible systematic uncertainties of this description, we also rerun the analysis assuming a constant average film thickness. We consider the difference in the fit results on m 2 (ν e ) of the two descriptions fully as systematic uncertainty. 4. Neighbor excitation: The prompt excitation of neighbors next to a decaying T 2 molecule has been estimated by Kolos in sudden approximation [22]. The effect is due to the local relaxation of the lattice following the sudden appearance of an ion. Kolos estimated an excitation probability of P ne = 0.059 with a mean excitation energy of V ne = 14.6 eV. The latter number applies to the excitation spectrum of free hydrogen molecules. We increased this number by the same 1.5 eV by which the energy loss spectrum of electrons is shifted upwards in solid deuterium compared to gaseous hydrogen [19]. In the same sense, the corresponding reduction of the total inelastic cross section by 13% [19] has been applied also to P ne in the analysis. Another reduction of P ne by 11 % has been accounted for the observed porosity of the quench-condensed films, yielding finally P ne = 0.046. To be conservative, we consider the difference in the fit results on m 2 (ν e ) of the two descriptions (Kolos' original values and our modified values for P ne and for V ne ) fully as systematic uncertainty. It has been shown in [16] that the direct determination of P ne from the Mainz tritium data gives similar results and similar systematic uncertainties, although the treatment of the systematics is very different due to a strong correlation of the derived P ne with the energy loss. 5. Self-charging of T 2 film: The quench-condensed T 2 -films charge up within 30 min to a constant critical field strength of (62.6±4.0) MV/m [21]. It results in a linearly increasing shift of the starting potential of the β-electrons throughout the film, reaching about 2.5 V at the outer surface. In our analysis we have assigned a conservative systematic uncertainty of ±20 % to that critical field strength as in the Mainz phase II analysis [16]. 6. Backscattering and energy dependence of detector efficiency: Both effects are small and can be accounted for by a linear correction factor (1 + α(E − qU )) with the surplus energy (E − qU ) and with q = −e the charge of the electron. Depending on the run, α amounts to 6 · 10 −5 / eV or 7 · 10 −5 / eV, respectively. We assign a conservative uncertainty of Δα = ±4 · 10 −5 / eV.
The final result on the light neutrino mass squared in Eq. (5) was obtained by fitting the last 70 eV of the β-spectrum. In the sterile neutrino analysis we also used the last 70 eV of the measured β-spectra of the six runs for heavy neutrino masses m 2 (ν 4 ) ≤ 1000 eV 2 ; for larger m(ν 4 ) we extended the fit range proportional to m(ν 4 ) up to fitting the last 200 eV of the measured β-spectra for m 2 (ν 4 ) = 30000 eV 2 . Figure 4 presents the various systematic uncertainties as well as the total systematic uncertainty and the statistical error on sin 2 ϑ as a function of the squared mass of the fourth neutrino mass state m 2 (ν 4 ). It is clearly visible that the total systematic uncertainty is almost always a bit larger than the statistical error bar. The former dominates the total error for m 2 (ν 4 ) ≥ 3000 eV 2 .
Since the data cover only the last 200 eV of the β-spectrum they are only sensitive to neutrino masses less than 200 eV. This explains the rise of the uncertainties on sin 2 ϑ in Fig. 4 when m 2 (ν 4 ) approaches 40000 eV 2 (the last fit was done for m(ν 4 ) = 180 eV). Figure 5 shows the fit results for the contribution sin 2 ϑ as a function of the squared mass of the fourth neutrino mass state m 2 (ν 4 ). For small m 2 (ν 4 ) the sensitivity decreases due to lack of statistics. For larger squared masses m 2 (ν 4 ) the variation in sensitivity is caused by the fact that the measurement points of the Mainz phase II runs are not equally distributed along the energy scale. For squared mass m 2 (ν 4 ) approaching 40000 eV 2 the sensitivity decreases due to the smallness of the interval in which m(ν 4 ) influences the β-spectrum. No indication of a contribution of a fourth neutrino mass state is found, the contribution sin 2 ϑ is compatible with zero for all squared masses m 2 (ν 4 ) of the fourth neutrino mass state under investigation. The line above the fit points gives the corresponding upper limit according to the Feldman-Cousins method at 90 % C.L. [23]. Figure 6 shows the parameter space favored in order to explain the reactor neutrino anomaly by the mixing of a fourth neutrino mass state [2] together with the limit on this fourth neutrino mass state from our analysis. The phase II data of the Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment allow to exclude a small fraction of the favored parameter space at large Δm 2 . Another limit on sin 2 (2ϑ) shown in Fig. 6 originates from a common analysis of data in the solar neutrino sector [30].
Also shown are limits, which can be drawn under some assumptions from the search for neutrinoless double β-decay [31]: If neutrinos are Majorana particles and if neutrinoless double β-decay dominantly works via nonzero neutrino masses then the lower limit on the half-life from neutrinoless double β-decay searches can be turned into upper limits on the effective neutrino mass m ββ . If we assume a 3 + 1 neutrino mixing scheme with three very light neutrinos and using the notation of Eq. (3) we can connect m ββ with the mass of the fourth neutrino mass state m(ν 4 ): for m(ν i ) ≈ 0, i = 1, 2, 3.
If the different neutrino mass states cannot be resolved in a single β-decay experiment, the measurement is sensitive to the so-called electron neutrino mass "m(ν e )" [14, Using this equation and the neutrino mass limit from the Mainz phase II data of Eq. (6) we can extract a sensitivity estimate of the Mainz phase II data for a fourth neutrino mass state, which is shown in Fig. 6 as thin black line. For low masses, where the simplification of Eq. (10) holds, the sensitivity estimate agrees rather well with the limits obtained in the detailed analysis described in this paper. For larger squared neutrino masses m 2 (ν 4 ) the real limit becomes less sensitive. We do not plot the limit on the admixture of a fourth heavy neutrino obtained in a recent analysis by part of the Troitsk collaboration [33]. This limit is significantly more stringent than the one from our analysis although both are based on similarly sensitive measurements of the tritium βspectrum. We cannot follow the arguments put forth by the authors of reference [33] who claim that the systematic uncertainties do not need to be considered. In their recent standard neutrino mass analysis [24] the Troitsk collaboration obtained a systematic uncertainty on m 2 (ν e ) about as large as the corresponding statistical uncertainty, similar to the Mainz results stated in Eq. (5). Figure 4 clearly showsat least for the Mainz data-that also for the search for a contribution of a fourth neutrino mass state systematic uncertainties are indeed very significant. We do not see how the new Troitsk analysis can give a constraint on sin 2 ϑ at m(ν 4 ) = 2 eV at 95 % C.L., which was the limit of the standard neutrino analysis from Troitsk [24].

Conclusion and outlook
Our re-analysis of the phase II data of the Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment with regard to a potential contribution of a fourth neutrino mass state to the electron neutrino does not give any hint for the existence of such a state. The contribution sin 2 ϑ is compatible with zero for all squared masses of the fourth neutrino mass state under investigation (3 eV 2 ≤ m 2 (ν 4 ) ≤ 36400 eV 2 ). The Mainz data constrain a small fraction of the parameter space for such a fourth neutrino mass state favored by the attempt to explain the reactor neutrino anomaly and other indications.
The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino experiment KATRIN [35] will investigate the endpoint region of the tritium β-decay with much higher statistics, better energy resolution and much smaller systematic uncertainties. The KA-TRIN experiment will reach a factor 10 higher sensitivity on the electron neutrino mass of 200 meV compared to the sensitivity of the Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment as reported in Eq. (6). The data from the KATRIN experiment will also allow to investigate the potential contribution of a fourth neutrino mass state to the electron neutrino with a sensitivity [36][37][38] covering the whole favored region of the reactor neutrino anomaly.
A fourth neutrino mass state with a mass of a few keV acting as Warm Dark Matter is another possibility, which derives its motivation from recent efforts of explaining the structure of the universe at galactic and super-galactic scales (missing satellite galaxy problem) [39]. Such a neutrino might also be investigated by β-decay studies [40].