Determination of the electric field gradient and the magnetic field in Mössbauer spectroscopy

Problem of unambiguous determination of all components of the electric field gradient and hyperfine magnetic field in case of mixed hyperfine interaction was solved for the first time. Concept of a new method to determine orientation of hyperfine fields in the absorber Cartesian frame for Mössbauer spectroscopy for nuclear transitions between levels with spin 3/2 and 1/2 is presented. The method can be applied for single-crystal absorbers with well separated absorption lines in their spectra. Explicit formulas derived from velocity moments are presented. The new method allows full separation of the electric quadrupolar and magnetic dipolar hyperfine interactions by using unpolarized radiation.


Introduction
Determining the hyperfine parameters from the Mössbauer spectrum has been widely discussed in the literature, and it is known that all parameters cannot be determined from a spectra of texture-free samples [1,2]. Only three independent invariants and the hyperfine magnetic field (hmf) can be determined. How to determine all parameters from the spectrum of a single crystal by using polarized radiation has been presented [3,4]; however, using unpolarized radiation has not been fully discussed yet.
We show that all components of the electric field gradient (efg) and orientation of the hmf axis can be determined from measurements on a single crystal with a few different directions of the wave vector of the photon with respect to the absorber frame. The explicit form of the intensity tensor [4], introduced by Zimmermann [5,6], and the concept of velocity moments [7] can be used to separate efg and hmf.
This paper is organized as follows. First, we briefly present some earlier results related to the intensity tensor, velocity moments, and invariants used in this study. Next, we show how to separate efg and hmf in single site, single-crystal absorber and how to measure these tensors with respect to the absorber frame. We also present a special holder designed for laboratory practice.
Supplementary material in the form of one PDF file available from the Journal web page at https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2018-90379-x a e-mail: k.szymanski@uwb.edu.pl

Theoretical background
For mixed interactions, that is, magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole, the explicit form of the Mössbauer spectrum for nuclear spin in excited state I e = 3/2 and ground state I g = 1/2 can be obtained in the formalism of the intensity tensor [4]. The intensity tensor I αβ is constructed from the efg V and the hmf pseudovector B. Index α corresponds to four excited states (α = 1, 2, 3, 4) while β to the ground nuclear states (β = ±1). TrI αβ , I s αβ , and G αβ are the trace, symmetric, and antisymmetric parts of the intensity tensor, respectively. In the thinabsorber approximation, the area under an absorption line for circular polarization is equal to [4,7,8]: where t is the effective thickness of the absorber, f s the recoilless fraction of radiation emitted by the source, Γ the natural width, and γ is a unit vector parallel to the direction of the photon. Index ζ = ±1 describes two opposite circular polarizations of the photon. Absorption line positions v αβ (in velocity units) depend on the eigenvalues λ α of spin 3/2 Hamiltonian: where δ is the isomer shift. Values λ α are proportional to the excited state energy levels, E a (in energy units) λ a = 2E α /(γ 3/2 B), where γ I = g I µ N c/E, g I is the nuclear g-factor for spin I, µ N the nuclear magneton, E the energy between the ground and the excited nuclear states, and c is the speed of light. For nucleus in a single site and with mixed interactions, shape of the spectrum in thin absorber approximation is fully defined by the efg components, orientation of the hmf, and orientation of the k vector of the photon (see Fig. 1a). Shape of the spectrum means the line intensities A αβζ and line positions v αβ .
The nth velocity moment of the spectrum, having dimension of velocity to the power of n is defined as: The explicit form of the moments of the spectra were given in [7] and for the purposes of our analysis we need only: 3 Separation of the electric field gradient, hyperfine magnetic field, and the isomer shift The essence of equations (4) and (5) is that the left-hand sides can be easily measured from the Mössbauer spectra. The right-hand sides represent interactions of nuclear spin, electromagnetic static fields and also some experimental conditions -orientation of a k vector with respect to the efg frame.
Equations (4) and (5) can be solved, and explicit form of scalars constructed from the efg V , hmf B (m=B/B ), and the k(γ = k/k) vector of the photon can be found: where W n tf is the nth velocity moment for a texture-free absorber, while W n 0 = (W n −1 + W n +1 )/2 is the nth velocity moment measured with unpolarized radiation. The orientations of efg and hmf in the absorber reference frame can be fully determined from the explicit form of (6)- (9). We have to point out that using unpolarized radiation from (7), we can determine orientation of the hmf axis (sign cannot be determined) while orientation of the axis and sign of hmf can be determined from (8) using polarized radiation.
The values and orientation of the hyperfine interactions in the absorber frame can be determined explicitly from a relatively small number of measurements. By three measurements of mγ, with circularly polarized radiation and with γ parallel to x, y, and z axes defining Cartesian coordinates in the absorber frame, we determine three components of vector m.
Isomer shift is just the first moment of the texture-free absorber.
Length of the magnetic field B can be uniquely determined from the ground state splitting I g = 1/2. In practice, texture-free spectra can be analyzed for this purpose using invariants. In this analysis as the number of unknowns is equal to the number of degrees of freedom in the spectrum, one can avoid the problem of ambiguity [9,10]. Moreover, B can also be determined using only the velocity moments, see supplementary material.
Before going into a detailed analysis of angular dependences of (mγ) 2 and γ · V · γ, we analyze a general case of a symmetric, real tensor A. By measuring γ · A · γ for different orientations of γ, we obtain the combinations of components of A in the absorber frame. Three measurements with γ parallel to s, u, and w axes (see Fig. 1a) allow one to get A ss , A uu , and A ww , respectively. By three other measurements with γ parallel to (1,1,0), (1,0,1), and (0,1,1) directions, one gets A ss /2 + A uu /2 + A su , A ss /2 + A ww /2 + A sw , and A uu /2 + A ww /2 + A uw , respectively. With these six measurements, all the six independent components of A tensor in the absorber frame can be obtained. Further analysis is a solution of an eigenproblem for a real, symmetric three-dimensional matrix. For the special case of (mγ) 2 , the solution is much simpler.
Since (mγ) 2 = γ · A · γ, where A = m ⊗ m (A ij = m i m j ), by measurements of A su , A sw , and A uw and solving the set of equations for unknowns m s , m u , m w : we get two solutions, m = ±(m s , m u , m w ), where Any negative component A ij in (11) under square roots has to be treated as: where unit imaginary number is a factor on the righthand side of (12). Because negative values always occur in pairs, the product or ratio of purely imaginary numbers is always real as also the m s , m u , m w components. For γ · V · γ, from all the V ij components, it is convenient to find eigenvalues of V by their invariants. Abbreviating the eigenvalues as roots of the secular equation can be obtained using Cardano's method: For k = 1, 2, 3, V kk are the main components of the efg tensor in the PAS. The largest one in the absolute value is the V zz . Remaining two are V xx and V yy and η = (V xx − V yy )/V zz , if we choose the axes so that |V xx |≤|V yy |. We note that using (15), we determine eigenvalues or diagonal elements in PAS of the efg; however, orientation of the PAS with respect to the absorber frame is still undetermined.
Having the eigenvalues V kk , one may construct projection operators as the Frobenius covariants V (k) . Their explicit form in case of nondegenerate eigenvalues [11]: allows construction of the eigenvectors. Because V (k) = e k ⊗ e k , where e k (k=x,y,z) is an orthonormal basis in which V is diagonal, the components of V (k) operator determined in the absorber basis can be solved in the manner given in (11) to obtain explicit vectors forming PAS of the efg. Equation (16) works for a nondegenerate case, that is, one were all three eigenvalues are different. For an axially symmetric efg, the component of V along symmetry axis is V axis and the projection operator is V (axix) : Again, because V (axix) = e axis ⊗ e axis , using (11) one can determine unit vector ±e axis indicating orientation of the symmetry axis. Equation (17) is valid only for a symmetric, traceless, second-order tensor with axial symmetry. Next, we discuss how to get texture-free spectra from a single crystalline absorber. First, let us consider the four directions of γ parallel to the four directions pointing to vertices of a regular tetragon with its center at the origin. An example of these directions is (1,1,1), (−1,−1,1), (−1,1,−1), (1,−1,−1). One may check by direct calculations, that for any vector m and for any second-order, symmetric tensor A, averaging of scalars mγ or γ · A · γ over these four directions γ, yields zero, which is independent of γ. Therefore, this averaging results in spectra which do not depend on the direction of γ; thus, we obtain texture-free spectra. Furthermore, in case of unpolarized radiation, the averaging can be accomplished using just three orthogonal directions. These considerations are consistent with group theory arguments and also with the concept of magic angle measurements [12,13].

Practical method of measurements
To determine all components of efg tensor and B vector, we need six measurements with k vector along the directions (1,0,0), (0,1,0), (0,0,1), (1,1,0), (1,0,1), and (0,1,1). Using a cubic sample holder shown in Figure 1b is easy to perform. There are three holes with their axes being fourfold symmetry axes, and three other holes with their axes being twofold symmetry axes. The cube is divided into two halves by cutting along the plane shown in Figure 1b. A planar absorber is mounted at the central position between the halves, with its plane parallel to the crosssection. The measurements are performed by orienting the holder such that during a particular measurement γ rays are parallel to the axis of a hole.
A holder for texture-free measurements is shown in Figure 1c. A cube with four holes along the directions (1,1,1), (1,1,−1), (1,−1,1), and (−1,1,1) is divided into two halves along a plane shown by the black line in Figure 1c. An absorber is mounted between the two halves at the center of the cube.
We have chosen s, u, w frame arbitrarily, generating three orthogonal directions by use of random numbers generator. For the specific case real, orthonormal transformation matrix U between main axes of V and s, u, w  Table 1. The set of the first

Discussion and importance
The formalism shown here enables separation of efg and hmf in case of mixed interactions. The formalism is strict for any range of interactions and works also for case of pure magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole. The magnetic texture with respect to the absorber frame can be determined from the orientation of B axis. There is complete freedom to define the absorber reference frame.
The characteristic feature and advantage of the method discussed here is that one does not need perform any orientation of the single-crystal absorber. The absorber plate should be thin enough to be partially transparent for γ radiation used in Mössbauer spectroscopy. All derived formulas are valid for any orientation of a single crystal with respect to the absorber reference frame, and results (11), (16), (17) correspond to the components of vector B or tensor V in this arbitrary chosen reference frame s, u, w as shown in Figure 1a. Therefore equations (11), (16), (17) allows one to find orientation of the hyperfine interactions in the reference of a single crystalline absorber.
Since equations (6)-(9) are linear functions of the velocity moments, for a single crystal with multiple sites, averaging of the tensors or vectors is implied if the subspectra cannot be distinguished. In this case texture is measured. Presented formalism apply also to the cases where multiplets corresponding to different sites can be separated by standard Mössbauer packages.

Author contribution statement
All the authors have contributed equally to this work. All the authors were involved in the preparation of the manuscript.
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