Study of the threshold anomaly effect in the reaction 7 Li+ 208 Pb at energies around the Coulomb barrier

The elastic scattering in the reaction 7 Li+ 208 Pb was investigated in the bombarding energy range from 25 to 39 MeV. The real and imaginary parts of the optical potential were analyzed by using a phenomenological potential. A dispersion relation analysis is presented in order to investigate the threshold anomaly effect. It is concluded that 7 Li has an intermediate behavior between the tightly bound nuclei such as 16 O and the loosely bound nuclei such as 6 Li where the lack of the threshold anomaly is unambiguously observed. Reaction cross sections are also extracted from the elastic scattering data and its comparison with the ones of other systems has been performed to draw hints on the effect of the breakup channel.


Introduction
The study of elastic scattering around the Coulomb barrier is the simplest mean to determine the energy dependence of the real and imaginary parts of the optical potential (OP) in a nuclear reaction.
In reactions between stable heavy ions, it was shown [1][2][3] that the so-called threshold anomaly (TA) effect occurs. This a e-mail: vardaci@na.infn.it (corresponding author) effect concerns with the observation of a localized peak in the real part of the OP accompanying a sharp decrease of the imaginary part as the bombarding energy declines toward the Coulomb barrier. At higher energies, both the real and imaginary potentials are almost energy independent.
It was shown [2,4] that such a suspected anomaly, which is interpreted as a possible consequence of a strong coupling between the elastic scattering channel to other reaction channels, is quite a general property of heavy ion optical potentials at energies approaching the Coulomb barrier, where the flux into non-elastic channels is drastically hindered. The behavior of the real and imaginary parts of the OP is indeed the consequence of the causality principle [4] which states that a scattered wave cannot be emitted before the arrival of the incident wave. This principle implies the existence of a dispersion relation which connects the energy variation of the real potential to that of the imaginary potential through a principal part integral. Such a connection gives rise to the localized peak in the real part of the OP [4] and the sudden drop in the imaginary part.
This picture may change when loosely bound (stable or radioactive) nuclei are involved in the scattering process [5]. These nuclei have binding energies of few MeV and hence, they are characterized by a larger breakup (BU) and cluster transfer probability. If one of the colliding partner is a weakly bound nucleus, and even more especially a low-Z nucleus, breakup may occur at energies below the Coulomb barrier (it is not suppressed around and below the barrier energies). Consequently, (1) the imaginary part of the OP may not decrease as sharply as in the case of tightly bound nuclei since it must take into account the non negligible breakup and transfer cross-sections at energies below the barrier, and (2) the real part of the OP may not show the typical barrier in consequence of the dispersion relation. In such a condition, the usual TA may not be observed, hence, the new anomaly could be the absence of the TA. This situation has been named breakup threshold anomaly (BTA) [6], namely, BTA is the absence of TA at the Coulomb barrier.
Concerning this issue, many conflicting experimental results have been reported when using stable loosely bound nuclei, especially when considering 6 Li or 7 Li as projectiles. The BTA has been investigated in a large number of nuclear systems involving loosely bound projectiles with a variety of medium and large mass targets, for instance 9 [20].
When light weakly bound radioactive projectiles are involved, the general framework of the occurrence or not of the BTA is still far from being clarified. Existing measurements concern with the neutron-rich nucleus 6 He [33][34][35], the proton-rich nuclei 8 B [36][37][38][39] and 7 Be [40][41][42] on various targets. However, the complexity of such studies, due to a large extent to the limited beam intensity and purity, affects the major conclusions and further investigations are mandatory.
For what it concerns stable loosely bound nuclei, the most striking case is the one of reactions involving 6 Li and 7 Li as projectiles. Although the BTA was observed in all systems involving 6 Li, for 7 Li its presence is observed in some systems. In the case of 6 [46], a small increases in the imaginary part of the optical potential, rather than a decrease to zero, at energies below the Coulomb barrier was observed. This indicates the absence of the usual TA. In the cases of elastic scattering induced by 7 Li on 59 Co [29], 80 Se [43], 138 Ba [31], and 208 Pb [16], however, only the conventional TA was identified, even though 7 Li is considered as a loosely bound nucleus. Contradictory results have also been reported for 138 Ba [9] and 28 Si [20,47] targets, where the BTA has been observed for both 6 Li and 7 Li projectiles. In short, the BTA has been observed using 6 Li as a projectile but controversial results are reported for 7 Li. In addition, there are only few measurements using 7 Li as projectile compared to 6 Li.
In the present work we show the results of our investigation of the elastic scattering of the system 7 Li + 208 Pb at bombarding energies ranging from below (even lower than the one reported in [16]) to above the Coulomb barrier (V C ∼ 30 MeV in the c.m. and V C ∼ 31 MeV in the lab frame). 7 Li is a weakly bound nucleus and has a breakup threshold energy (in α+t) of 2.47 MeV, just 1 MeV above the breakup threshold of 6 Li (in α+d, 1.48 MeV). In the case of 6 Li, there are no unbound excited states below the breakup threshold, whereas 7 Li has one bound excited state below 2.47 MeV at E * = 0.478 MeV. The effect that the dicluster structure of 7 Li has on the breakup and other processes, such as electromagnetic excitation and radiative capture, has been theoretically investigated in [48,49]. Hence, it is interesting to explore how the breakup of 7 Li will affect the elastic scattering compared to 6 Li case which has a larger breakup probability. Indeed, the experiment was designed to measure the inclusive and exclusive breakup cross sections (in α+p,d,t) of the projectile 7 Li with a 4π light charged particle detector. In this article we report only on the elastic scattering channel.
It is important to note that the elastic channel of the system 7 Li + 208 Pb was already investigated in the works in Refs. [16][17][18]22], at energies around the barrier, and contradictory results have emerged. In the works in Refs. [16][17][18], in which the elastic scattering was measured with a high angular resolution, it was concluded, on the basis of a detailed optical model analysis, that 7 Li shows evidence of the usual TA only. In the more recent work by Zerva et al. [22] a different result is achieved. By using the quasi-elastic backscattering approach, it was found out that 7 Li shows an intermediate behavior, namely, the imaginary potential drops properly as in the case of well bound nuclei but the real potential shows not connection with the dispersion relation.
Here, we report on the extension of the data set on the system 7 Li + 208 Pb to a subbarrier energy up to 25 MeV with the aim to increase sensibly the event statistics by taking advantage of the 4π angular coverage of the detector array 8π LP.Elastic scattering angular distributions were measured at bombarding energy from 25 to 39 MeV. In the data analysis shown further we will analyze the impact of this additional point at 25 MeV on the trend of the real and imaginary potential.
The experimental angular distributions of the elastic channel are analyzed within the framework of the optical model as implemented in the code FRESCO [50]. This code was also used to extract the excitation function of the reaction cross section. The study presented here is the natural continuation of the ones initiated on 6 Li + 208 Pb, carried out with the same experimental setup [51][52][53][54] and reveals a new aspect of 7 Li.
The article is divided in the following sections: Sect. 2 contains experimental details and data analysis. The optical model analysis of elastic scattering and of the threshold anomaly is presented in Sect. 3. The reaction cross section is analyzed in Sect. 4. Finally, we present the summary and conclusions in Sect. 5.

Experimental details and data analysis
The experiment was performed using a pulsed beam of 7 Li 3+ delivered by XTU-Tandem accelerator at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro (LNL, Italy). The reaction 7 Li + 208 Pb was run at the beam energies of 25, 31, 33, 35, and 39 MeV covering the range from below to above the Coulomb barrier V C = 30.1 MeV corresponding to E c.m. /V C = 0.80, 1, 1.06, 1.12, 1.25. E c.m. is the energy available in the center of mass frame. The pulsed beam had a period of 800 ns and duration of around 2 ns. An enriched self-supporting 200 µg/cm 2 thick 208 Pb target was used.
The elastically scattered 7 Li ions were detected with the 4π array 8π LP described in detail in [55,56]. The array 8π LP, shown schematically in Fig. 1, is made of two main sectors: a Wall, covering the angles from 2.5 • to 24 • and the Ball, covering the angles from 34 • up to 163 • .
The Ball is a sphere of 126 ( E-E) telescopes which are arranged in 7 rings labeled from A to G and placed co-axially around the beam axis. Each telescope consists of a E silicon detector (300 μm thick), backed by a CsI scintillator (5 mm thick). Each ring contains 18 identical telescopes and covers about 17 • in the polar angle and from 0 • to 360 • in the azimuthal angle. For this experiment, inside the Ball sector, we have installed a cylinder placed co-axially around the beam to reduce the opening of the active area of the Ball telescopes, the count rate and the dead time. In this way, the measurements were taken at the laboratory angles shown in Table 1. The data in Table 1   measurements obtained from the mechanical design of the inner cylinder. The Wall is a matrix of 11 × 11 E-E telescopes. The only ones missing are the four at the corners and the central one to allow the exit of the beam. Each telescope has an active area of 25 cm 2 , an angular coverage of 4 • , and subtends a solid angle of about 7 msr. Each telescope is independently fixed to an aluminum support structure. All the detectors in the Wall are in close contact between each other to form a portion of spherical surface with a radius of 60 cm. Also for the Wall sector, we have used for this experiment a thick aluminum screen to reduce the active area of the telescopes, and therefore the solid angle. In this case the angular opening of each telescope is about one degree.
Each telescope of the Wall and Ball embeds also the preamplifiers for the E and E sectors. A cooling system, based on a circulating refrigerant liquid, keeps the whole system at a stable temperature. The cooling system is crucial to guarantee the stability of the performance of the whole detector system.
Particle identification is carried out by using the E-E technique for particles that have energy enough to pass through the E stage. For particles that stop in the E stage two different methods are used. For the Ball telescopes, the Pulse Shape Discrimination technique is used being the Si stage mounted in the flipped configuration. For the Wall telescopes, the Time-of-Flight (TOF) technique is used. The reference time is taken from the radio frequency signal of the pulsed beam. This system allows a very good identification of light charged particles, namely, α particles, tritons, deuterons and protons. 7 Li was completely stopped in the E in the studied energy range. Figure 2a shows a sample of a Time vs. E matrix, whereas Fig. 2b shows the E vs. ER (residual energy) matrix from the same detector for the 33 MeV 7 Li beam. One can observe the high quality of the separation between protons, deuterons, tritons and α particles in both matrices.
The acquisition system is based on the FAIR (FAst Intercrate Readout) [57] and VIPERS (Vme Interfaced to Pci Easy Experimental matrices from a Ball telescope at lab forward angle (θ=43 • and φ=320 • ). a Time vs. E matrix for the particles that stop in the E stage; b same telescope but in residual energy E vs. ER (residual energy) matrix for the particles that stop in the E stage. Protons, deuterons, tritons and α particle energy spectra are obtained by summing the energy ER + E Readout System) [58][59][60][61][62][63] systems running a VME (Versa Module Europa) front-end with commercial TDC (Time-to-Digital Converter) and ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) modules. The trigger was arranged to register single and coincidence events between telescopes. The coincidence trigger was implemented to detect light charged particles (protons, deuterons, tritons and α particles) in coincidence to study breakup channels.
The experimental elastic scattering angular distributions, normalized to the Rutherford differential cross section, are shown in Fig. 3 for all laboratory energies. The angular distributions in linear scale are shown in Fig. 4. The experimental errors in the center of mass angle θ cm are within the size of the symbols. The large statistics at angles θ c.m. > 40 • could be reached, especially at the sub-barrier energy, because of the 360 • azimuthal coverage of the 8π LP array and the notewor- thy stability of the XTU-Tandem Accelerator at LNL. The number of events at a given laboratory angle with respect to the beam, each corresponding to a specific ring of the Ball (Fig. 1), is obtained by adding the yields of 18 detectors in the same ring. This is possible because of the spherical symmetry of the Ball. This symmetry of the 8π LP setup turns out to be a crucial advantage when various reaction channels, especially those of relatively smaller cross section, are studied in the same experiment [64][65][66][67].
We mark that the angular distributions from 31 up to 39 MeV well match the data from Martel et al. [18]. This result gives us confidence on the normalization and angular resolution of our new data measured at 25 MeV.
An additional feature of the 8π LP detector is the stability of the energy resolution of the E stages. In Fig. 5 we show the energy spectrum of the elastic scattered 7 Li detected at 156 • in the lab frame in the reaction at the bombarding energy of 25 MeV. On the left of the main peak corresponding to the ground state, there is also the tiny peak corresponding to the first excited level of 7 Li, only about half an MeV apart.

Optical model analysis of elastic scattering
In order to proceed to the analysis of the threshold anomaly, it is necessary to perform the analysis of the elastic scattering data with the optical model. This task will be developed in the first subsection. In the second subsection we will proceed to the dispersion analysis.

Phenomenological analysis with Woods-Saxon potential
The analysis of the elastic scattering angular distribution was performed using the optical model (OM) in which the diffusion process between two particles is reduced to the motion of a point particle in a local and complex effective potential. The effective uni-dimensional potential U (r ) is a function of the distance r between the two particles. To describe the removal of particles from the elastic channel, the potential is built as the sum of a real V (r ) and imaginary component W (r ) as: The potential is considered to be independent from the energy of the colliding particles, but as it will be shown, such dependence is indeed an important ingredient that raises when the relative energy reaches the vicinity of the Coulomb barrier [4]. The functions representing V (r ) and W (r ) are chosen on an empirical basis. The widely used choice is the Woods-Saxon type V 0 and W 0 are the real and imaginary potential strengths, and r i and a i the reduced radii and diffuseness, respectively.
123 Table 2 Best fit parameters of the phenomenological optical potential for the reaction 7 Li+ 208 Pb. The reaction cross sections σ R were estimated from FRESCO code calculations after fitting the elastic scattering angular distribution shown in Fig.3 E is the form factor of the Woods-Saxon potential. A P and A T are the projectile and target mass numbers, respectively. V C (r ) is the Coulomb potential between two charged spheres representing the projectile and target nuclei. The six adjustable parameters, V 0 , r V , a V , W 0 , r W and a W are fixed by fitting the elastic scattering angular distributions at each bombarding energy. However, it is well known that more than one set of these free parameters can provide equally good fit to the elastic scattering angular distributions. This ambiguity in the determination of the parameters' values, firstly noted by Igo [68], has been largely investigated in the literature and manifests the fact that the number of parameters is redundant. It is in fact very commonly found that the change of the potential in the interior of the nucleus (corresponding to large overlap), as a consequence of the choice of different set of free parameters, does not have any influence on the fit to the elastic angular distribution. In particular, only the magnitude of both real and imaginary potential in the surface region is important. In other words, the elastic scattering is principally determined by the value of the OP near some interaction radius. This is quite reasonable from the physical point of view because using only the elastic scattering data the OM can probe only to what extent the elastic scattering is removed from the flux and does not offers constrains, from the elastic data alone, on the potential and wave functions inside the nucleus.
The ambiguity in the values of the free parameters is therefore a direct consequence of the fact that elastic scattering data can only probe the scattering process at the surface of the two colliding nuclei. This widely recognized result has given rise to the concept of the sensitivity radius R S , the radial distance at which the real and imaginary potentials, obtained with multiple sets of parameters that fit the elastic data, cross each other, respectively. To reach out the potential inside the nucleus, inelastic channels must be studied. In this section we will estimate the sensitivity radius R S for the present data.
In analyzing our data, we had to deal with the same problem of parameters redundancy. We used a grid of values for (a) (b) Fig. 6 Real (a) and imaginary (b) potentials that provide similar fits of the data for elastic scattering at 39 MeV. Reduced radii and diffuseness are the same for both potentials. The crossing points define the real (a) and imaginary (b) sensitivity radii, respectively the six parameters to fit the angular distributions at all measured energies. Very good fits to the data were obtained with minimum χ 2 but, as expected, we found several families of optical potential parameters that could describe the angular distributions equally well. We soon realized that we could obtain equally good fit by imposing the constraints: In this way the above redundancy is excluded by reducing the number of parameters to four without affecting the quality of the goodness of the fit. The best fit parameters are shown in Table 2 and the obtained angular distributions are shown as solid lines in Figs. 3 and 4. By spanning the family of potentials that would fit the data, we could also estimate the sensitivity radius. Figure 6 shows the families of potentials that provide similar fits to the data at 39 MeV. Similar plots were obtained for the other bombarding energies. A diffuseness ranging from a 0 = 0.50 fm up to 0.91 fm would produce equally good fit to the experimental angular distributions at all energies. Also for the present reactions, we observe the crossing of the potentials in a narrow radial distance. In particular, the sensitivity radii R SV = 7.9 fm and R SW = 8.6 fm corresponding to the real and imaginary radii were obtained. Taking the average of the two, as a general practice, does not change the quality of the fit. Therefore, throughout the following calculations we used the sensitivity radius R S = 8.2 ± 0.4 fm for the real and imaginary potential.
It is quite evident that the parameters of the potentials, in particular the strength, depend on the bombarding energy. This is another important weakness of the OM because, in principle, the potentials should not depend on the energy and, besides few cases, there is no need to introduce such dependence to reproduce elastic scattering data [4]. Inside the variations of the parameters' values the dynamics of the entrance channel is indeed embedded as well as the competition with other reactions channels, such as inelastic channels, an important consequence of which is the threshold anomaly that will be analyzed in the next subsection.
Since the elastic scattering data are only sensitive to the potential at the sensitivity radius R S , it is worth to analyze the dependence of the OP, computed at this radius, as a function of the energy. We show in Fig. 7 the values of the real and imaginary potentials, computed at the radius R S , as a function of the bombarding energy. The error bars come from the uncertainty of the sensitivity radius and of the fitted parameters. It is fairly evident that for energies above the barrier both potentials tend toward a constant value. However, a sudden drop of the imaginary potential appears when approaching the Coulomb barrier V C , accompanied by the raise of the real one. Both potentials finally drop at sub-barrier energies. This correlated behavior of both potentials is the object of the so-called "threshold anomaly"

Dispersion relation analysis
According to Mahaux et al. [4], the correlated behavior of the real and imaginary potential around the barrier is the consequence of the causality principle that states that a scattered wave cannot be emitted before the interaction has occurred. The application of this principle gives rise to a dispersion relation.
If the real part of the OP is written in this form: then the dispersion relation is [4]: where P denotes the principal value. The OP, with the explicit energy dependence, is now written as: One consequence of Eq. 7 is that the real potential must be a function of the energy. In particular, any rapid local variation of the imaginary potential W (r, E) is accompanied by a similarly rapid local variation of V (r, E). In particular, if |W | (where W < 0) increases rapidly over some small energy range (as in Fig. 7), the associated contribution to V will be attractive ( V < 0) in that same energy range. Since it is expected that the function W will always rapidly increase when non-elastic channels open (a threshold behavior), the effect on the real potential V (initially unexpected and socalled an "anomaly") should be a universal phenomenon [4]. In other words, the dispersion relation ensures that the apparent anomalous behavior of the real potential is associated with the closing of non-elastic channels. Consequently, a smoother behavior of the imaginary potential would imply the opening of non-elastic channels, the so called BTA, when the Coulomb barrier is spanned.
As stated in the introduction, the TA is expected to disappear when the breakup channels become important [6] as in the case of the weakly bound nuclei, such as 6 Li. The lack of a TA has been termed as BTA [6]. To analyze the occurrence or not of a TA in our system 7 Li + 208 Pb, we have carried out the analysis of the dispersion relation at the energies around the Coulomb barrier. To evaluate the integral in Eq. 7, at the sensitivity radius, we need a functional form which describes the imaginary potential in Fig. 7. As proposed in [4], we used an empirical linear-segment approximation. In particular, we show two approximations in Fig. 7 for the imaginary potential to investigate the effect of the choice of a linear-segment approximation on the real potential. By using Eqs. 6 and 7 we computed the real potential curves shown in Fig. 7. We observe that the real part of the potential remains nearly constant at higher energies (E ≥ V C ), whereas it shows a nearly bell shape in the energy region of the barrier where the imaginary potential drops. Going toward lower energies, when the imaginary potential W starts decreasing below the barrier, the real potential V does show an increasing trend quite well reproduced by the dispersion relation calculation.
At energies far below the barrier, the further drop of the imaginary potential produces the lowering of the real potential, but not enough to fit into the experimental point of V at 25 MeV. To reproduce it, we should force the empirical imaginary potential to drop even more rapidly then the solid line in Fig. 7. However, in this way, the point of W at 25 MeV would not be intercepted. As a general trend, we can conclude that even if we change slightly the slope of the empirical imaginary potential, the bell shape of the real potential persists. In particular, the smoother is the drop in W the broader is the bell shaped curve in V .
From this analysis, it appears that in the reaction with the weakly bound 7 Li, contrarily to what is regularly found with 6 Li, the TA does occur but it is not as sharply identified as in other typical reactions with tightly bound projectiles. The experimental point at 25 MeV marks this difference. The artificial faster drop in W necessary to reproduce the real potential at 25 MeV is not compatible with the measured imaginary potential at the same energy. Therefore, it seems that 7 Li bridges the case of clear BTA occurring in 6 Li and the case of sharp TA occurring in tightly bound nuclei. These findings may provide a key to explain the controversial results found in the literature for 7 Li, where a point at such low energy of 25 MeV has never been measured before.
One possible explanation of this intermediate behavior of 7 Li could be the occurrence at barrier of single-nucleon transfer channels. Indications on this regards were explored in the work by Keeley and Rusek [69] where the coupling with the transfer channel 208 Pb( 7 Li, 6 Li) 209 Pb was studied. The present result offers a further constraint to refine such optical model calculations with coupling to transfer channels at the barrier.

Reaction cross-section
The reaction cross sections σ R , as function of the bombarding energy, for the system 7 Li+ 208 Pb, were evaluated from the measured elastic scattering angular distributions using the code FRESCO and is shown in the last column of Table 2. In Fig. 8a σ R is compared with literature data on the systems 6,7,8 Li + 208 Pb [70]. The figure shows an excellent agreement  [71]). b Reduced reaction cross section and projectile energy (following the prescription given in [8]) for the systems 7 Li+ 208 Pb (present data (•) and in [70] ( )) and 16 O + 208 Pb [72] ( ) with other measurements and the impact of the point at 25 MeV.
In Fig. 8b reaction cross sections of two systems are compared by using the reduced variables prescription suggested by Gomes et al. [8] when comparing cross sections between different systems. The reduction method aims at eliminating the dependence of the reaction cross section on geometrical and barrier dependent terms. For this reason, the reaction cross section is normalized to (A 1/3 T ) and the center of mass energy is divided by the Coulomb barrier term Z P Z T /(A 1/3 The indexes P and T refer to the projectile and target nuclei, respectively. The comparison, in this reduced scale, with the strongly bound projectile in the system 16 O+ 208 Pb clearly shows that the reaction cross section is larger for the weakly bound 7 Li projectile going toward the region of decreasing energy. This is quite a common result [8,44] when reaction cross sections in reactions induced by tightly and loosely bound nuclei are compared, as in the case of Fig. 8b. To explain this finding it is quite common to resort to the expectation that loosely bound nuclei have a larger breakup probability at energies around the barriers. This will open up channels not accessible to tightly bound nuclei because of their larger binding energy, with a consequential larger reaction cross section. Our reaction cross section data for the system 7 Li+ 208 Pb confirm this trend, which is even more strengthened at the deep sub-barrier energy measured.

Conclusion and summary
Elastic scattering angular distributions were measured for the system 7 Li+ 208 Pb at the laboratory energy of 25, 31, 33, 35 and 39 MeV (0.80-1.25 times the Coulomb barrier). The experimental data were analyzed by using phenomenological optical potentials. The behavior of the real and imaginary part of the potential as a function of bombarding energy is consistent with a situation which is intermediate between the presence of a threshold anomaly and the well assessed breakup threshold anomaly found in 6 Li induced reactions. This conclusion is in substantial agreement with the result of Ref. [22] and in disagreement with Refs. [16][17][18]. This means that the controversial behavior of 7 Li needs further investigation, for instance, of the inelastic channel and of possible transfer channels opening at the Coulomb barrier not accounted for in the optical model calculations. The analysis of the breakup channels undertaken with this experiment will certainly provide further elements on these regards.
The reaction cross section has been extracted and compared with the ones of other systems. It turns out that 7 Li behaves more like a loosely bound nucleus than a tightly bound one. This intermediate behavior 7 Li around the Coulomb barrier confirms the necessity of additional studies.
Funding Open access funding provided by Universitá degli Studi di Napoli Federico II within the CRUI-CARE Agreement.

Data Availability Statement
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