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Microgravity Effects and Aging Physiology: Similar Changes or Common Mechanisms?

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Abstract

Despite the use of countermeasures (including intense physical activity), cosmonauts and astronauts develop muscle atony and atrophy, cardiovascular system failure, osteopenia, etc. All these changes, reminiscent of age-related physiological changes, occur in a healthy person in microgravity quite quickly – within a few months. Adaptation to the lost of gravity leads to the symptoms of aging, which are compensated after returning to Earth. The prospect of interplanetary flights raises the question of gravity thresholds, below which the main physiological systems will decrease their functional potential, similar to aging, and affect life expectancy. An important role in the aging process belongs to the body’s cellular reserve – progenitor cells, which are involved in physiological remodeling and regenerative/reparative processes of all physiological systems. With age, progenitor cell count and their regenerative potential decreases. Moreover, their paracrine profile becomes pro-inflammatory during replicative senescence, disrupting tissue homeostasis. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are mechanosensitive, and therefore deprivation of gravitational stimulus causes serious changes in their functional status. The review compares the cellular effects of microgravity and changes developing in senescent cells, including stromal precursors.

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Abbreviations

ECM:

extracellular matrix

MSCs:

mesenchymal stem/stromal cells

Rb:

retinoblastoma protein

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

RPM:

Random Positioning Machine

SMG:

simulated microgravity

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Funding

The study was financially supported equally by the program of fundamental research of the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation – Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Topic 65.3) and by the Russian Science Foundation (grant no. 21-75-10117).

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  1. Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 123007, Moscow, Russia

    Andrey Yu. Ratushnyy & Ludmila B. Buravkova

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  1. Andrey Yu. Ratushnyy
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L.B.B. proposed initial concept of the study; L.B.B. and A.Yu.R. wrote the manuscript, comparatively analyzed microgravity- and aging-related effects discussed in the review.

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Correspondence to Ludmila B. Buravkova.

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Ratushnyy, A.Y., Buravkova, L.B. Microgravity Effects and Aging Physiology: Similar Changes or Common Mechanisms?. Biochemistry Moscow 88, 1763–1777 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297923110081

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