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Deceptive signaling on globalized digital platforms: Institutional hypnosis and firm internationalization

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Abstract

We investigate the degree and duration of the effects of deceptive signaling on globalized digital platforms, vis-à-vis naturally formed organic signaling such as importer review scores and discernible inducing signaling such as banner advertisements. Sponsored listing has emerged as a powerful tool for facilitating Internet-mediated exchanges in internationalization activities. Some digital platforms based in weakly regulated countries provide sponsored listing to exporters without explicitly disclosing that sponsorship. This constitutes a deceptive signal to importers in strongly regulated countries whose governments require sponsorship disclosure. Deceptive signaling is hypothesized to stimulate an institutional hypnosis on importers, with the most immediate and largest enhancing effects on exporter performance of the three types of signaling. Organic signaling is hypothesized to exert the most durable effect. Using transaction-level data from a globalized digital platform assembled with web mining methods, we develop a novel algorithm to detect deceptive signaling. Regression results from generalized method of moments estimation support these hypotheses. Our study is among the first to investigate institutional hypnosis manifested in increasingly widespread and unchecked forms in digitized international business transacting. By discovering and reporting on a dark side of institutional arbitrage, we offer actionable implications for digital platform governance, participants, and regulators.

Resume

Nous étudions le degré et la durée des effets de la signalisation trompeuse sur les plateformes numériques mondialisées, vis-à-vis de la signalisation organique naturellement formée comme les scores d’évaluation des importateurs et des signaux inducteurs perceptibles tels que les bannières publicitaires. Pour les activités d’internationalisation, la liste sponsorisée est devenue un outil puissant pour faciliter les échanges via Internet. Certaines plateformes numériques basées dans des pays faiblement réglementés fournissent des listes sponsorisées aux exportateurs sans divulguer explicitement ce parrainage. Cela constitue un signal trompeur pour les importateurs dans les pays fortement réglementés dont les gouvernements exigent la divulgation du parrainage. La signalisation trompeuse est supposée stimuler une hypnose institutionnelle sur les importateurs, avec les effets les plus immédiats et les plus importants sur la performance des exportateurs des trois types de signalisation. On suppose que la signalisation organique exerce l’effet le plus durable. En utilisant des données au niveau des transactions provenant d’une plateforme numérique mondialisée combinée avec des méthodes d’exploration Web, nous développons un nouvel algorithme pour détecter les signaux trompeurs. Les résultats de la régression de la méthode généralisée d’estimation des moments soutiennent ces hypothèses. Notre étude est parmi les premières à étudier l’hypnose institutionnelle qui se manifeste sous des formes de plus en plus répandues et incontrôlées dans les transactions commerciales internationales numérisées. En découvrant et en rapportant un côté sombre de l’arbitrage institutionnel, nous offrons des implications exploitables pour la gouvernance des plateformes numériques, les participants et les régulateurs.

Resumen

Investigamos el grado y duración de los efectos de la señalización engañosa en las plataformas digitales globalizadas, con respecto a la señalización orgánica formada naturalmente, como lo son los puntajes de la revisión de los importadores y la señalización perceptible inducida, como lo son los avisos publicitarios. La inclusión de los anuncios patrocinados ha surgido como una herramienta poderosa para facilitar los intercambios mediados por el internet en las actividades de internacionalización. Algunas plataformas digitales ubicadas en países débilmente regulados proporcionan anuncios patrocinados a exportadores sin revelar explícitamente ese patrocinio. Esto constituye una señal engañosa para los exportadores en países fuertemente regulados cuyos gobiernos requieren transparencia del patrocinio. La señalización engañosa propone una hipótesis para estimular una hipnosis institucional sobre los importadores, con los efectos de mejora más inmediatos y grandes en el desempeño de los exportadores en los tres tipos de señalamiento. El señalamiento orgánico propone una hipótesis para ejercer un efecto más duradero. Utilizando datos a nivel transaccional de una plataforma digital globalizada recopilada con métodos de minería web, desarrollamos un algoritmo novedoso para detectar las señales engañosas. Los resultados de la regresión del método generalizado de estimación de momentos apoyan estas hipótesis. Nuestro estudio es uno de los primeros en investigar la hipnosis institucional manifestada en formas cada vez más extendidas y sin control en las transacciones de negocios internacionales digitalizados. Al descubrir y reportar sobre un lado oscuro del arbitraje institucional ofrecemos implicaciones prácticas para la gobernanza de las plataformas digitales, los participantes y los reguladores.

Resumo

Investigamos o grau e a duração dos efeitos da sinalização falaciosa em plataformas digitais globalizadas, vis-à-vis a sinalização orgânica formada naturalmente, como pontuação de avaliações de importadores e sinalização indutora discernível, como anúncios em banner. Listagem patrocinada surgiu como uma ferramenta poderosa para facilitar as trocas mediadas pela Internet em atividades de internacionalização. Algumas plataformas digitais baseadas em países fracamente regulamentados fornecem listagens patrocinadas para exportadores sem divulgar explicitamente esse patrocínio. Isso constitui um sinal falacioso para importadores em países fortemente regulamentados, cujos governos exigem a divulgação do patrocínio. A sinalização falaciosa é hipotetizada para estimular uma hipnose institucional em importadores, com os mais imediatos e maiores efeitos de aumento no desempenho do exportador dos três tipos de sinalização. A sinalização orgânica tem a hipótese de exercer o efeito mais duradouro. Usando dados em nível de transação de uma plataforma digital globalizada montada com métodos de mineração na web, desenvolvemos um novo algoritmo para detectar sinalização falaciosa. Resultados da regressão do método generalizado de estimativa de momentos apoiam essas hipóteses. Nosso estudo está entre os primeiros a investigar hipnose institucional manifestada em formas cada vez mais difundidas e não verificadas nas transações comerciais internacionais digitalizadas. Ao descobrir e relatar o lado negro da arbitragem institucional, oferecemos implicações acionáveis para a governança, participantes e reguladores de plataformas digitais.

摘要

本文调查了全球化数字平台欺诈信号的影响程度和持续时间, 并与自然形成的有机信号 (例如进口商评分) 和易识别的诱导信号 (例如横幅广告) 作对比。竞价排名有力地促进了企业国际化过程中基于互联网的交易。不过, 在监管薄弱国家的一些数字平台向出口商提供竞价排名服务时未对外披露该 赞助信息, 这对那些习惯了政府严格要求披露赞助信息的进口商构成了欺诈信号。我们提出假设: 欺诈信号会使进口商进入被制度催眠状态, 并在这三类 信号中对出口商绩效产生最直接明显的增强作用; 而有机信号则会对出口商绩效产生最持久的增强作用。我们基于网络爬虫技术获取了一家全球化数字平 台的真实交易数据, 并开发了新颖的算法来侦测欺诈信号。广义矩估计方法的回归结果支持这些假设。在数字化国际商务中, 制度催眠形态复杂且日益泛 滥。本文系首批揭示这种新型制度套利的负面影响, 并在全球化数字平台的治理、生态与监管等方面提供了真知灼见。

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to comments from the editor, Luis Dau, and three anonymous reviewers of JIBS, Majid Ghorbani, Guilan Kong, Jiatao Li, Tony W. Tong, Wang Yang, Yong Yang, reviewers and audiences of Academy of International Business 2018 Annual Meeting (Minneapolis), Strategic Management Society 2018 Annual Conference (Paris), audiences of seminars at Zhejiang University, China Digital Trade Symposium (Yiwu), Renmin University of China, and The University of Manchester, on the earlier versions (with different titles) of this manuscript. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (#71772175).

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Accepted by Luis Dau, Guest Editor, 15 November 2020. This article has been with the authors for four revisions.

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Deng, Z., Liesch, P.W. & Wang, Z. Deceptive signaling on globalized digital platforms: Institutional hypnosis and firm internationalization. J Int Bus Stud 52, 1096–1120 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-021-00401-w

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