Abstract
Science, universities, and enterprises are three entities that are central to all stages of development. In order to function effectively and productively and contribute to national well-being, these three have to be organically linked. In other words, each one of these entities on its own would be of limited value. It is through their cooperative functions that societies derive benefits from labor, educational systems, and science (local and universal). Enterprise incorporates labor in all of its forms: unskilled, skilled, and entrepreneurial.
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Notes
Clement M. Henry and Robert Springborg, Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East (Cambridge University Press, 2001), provide the type of analysis that exhibits the functioning of the triad subject to political culture. Some readers may disagree with some of the analysis presented by Henry and Springborg; what I would like to highlight here is the nature of the processes that determine triad output.
Kevin Murphy, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W. Vishny provide a concise explication in “Why is Rent-Seeking So Costly to Growth?” American Economic Review 83, 2 (1993), 409–414.
A seminal paper on the dynamics of the processes is provided by William J. Baumol, “Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive,” Journal of Political Economy 98, 5, pt. 11 (1990), 893–921. These different approaches provide a useful explication of how triad relationships are dominated by the political economy.
A. B. Zahlan, “Established Patterns of Technology Acquisition in the Arab World,” in A. B. Zahlan and Rosemarie Said Zahlan (eds), Technology Transfer and Change in the Arab World (Pergamon Press, 1978), 1–27.
A. B. Zahlan, Science and Science Policy in the Arab World (Croom Helm, 1980), 37.
A. B. Zahlan, “The Integration of Science and Technology into Development Planning,” in Proceedings of the Workshop in the Development Planning and Management Process in the ESCWA Region (United Nations, 1994), 5–34.
A. B. Zahlan, “Technology: A Disintegrative Factor in the Arab World,” in Michael C. Hudson (ed.), Middle East Dilemma: The Politics and Economics of Arab Integration (Columbia, 1999), 259–278.
See A. B. Zahlan, Science and Technology in the Arab World: Progress without Change (in Arabic) (Beirut: Centre for Arab Unity Studies, 1999).
William W. Lewis, The Power of Productivity: Wealth, Poverty, and the Threat to Global Stability (University of Chicago, 2004).
See, for details, El-Sidiqqi, Said, “Arab Universities and the Quality of Scientific Research,” al-Mustaqbal al-Arabi 350, 4 (2008), 70–93.
Ken Adler, Engineering the Revolution: Arms and Enlightenment in France, 1763–1815 (Princeton, 1997). See also the excellent review of the book by Brett D. Steele, History and Technology, 16 (2000), 403–412.
The shortage of information on the subject of quality is a common complaint. See, for example, Nasser Jassem El-Sane and Mohamad Adnan Wadie, Education and the Labor Market in the Arab Countries (Arab Planning Institute, 2003), 107–108. The authors devote only one page to the subject of quality, due to lack of information.
See William Hinton, Iron Oxen: A Documentary of Revolution in Chinese Agriculture (Vintage Books, 1970) for a beautiful example of how a very difficult task can be simplified and undertaken successfully.
A. B. Zahlan, “Technology, Institutions, Organizations, Connectivities and the Diversification of the Real Economy,” in Proceedings of the Expert Group Meeting, Economic Diversification in the Arab World, Beirut, 25–27 September 2001 (United Nations, 2002), 347–368. See also Henry and Springborg, Globalization and the Politics of Development.
A. B. Zahlan, “The Impact of Technology Change on the Nineteenth-Century Arab World,” in Charles E. Butterworth and I. William Zartman (eds), Between the State and Islam (Woodrow Wilson Centre and Cambridge University Press, 2001), 31–58.
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© 2012 A. B. Zahlan
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Zahlan, A.B. (2012). Science, Universities, and Enterprise. In: Science, Development, and Sovereignty in the Arab World. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137020987_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137020987_4
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