Abstract
Photographs are commonly used in the popular communication of genetics. Chapter 2 categorizes them into informative and symbolic photographs. The former focuses on demonstrating scientific evidence; examples include the portrayals of observed mutations and results of DNA fingerprinting (i.e., electrophoresis). The value of these photographs as scientific evidence was limited when the focus of genetic research changed from physical observation to DNA analysis and when communicators attempted to “simplify” otherwise complex findings. As for symbolic photographs, they are designed to foster viewer emotions; examples include Photoshopped pictures of genetically modified organisms or pictures of human participants in research. These photographs highlight the social/ethical ramifications of genetic research but may also discourage productive conversation and belie gender and racial biases.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Anderson, J. A. (1996). Communication theory: Epistemological foundations. New York: The Guilford Press.
Arking, R. (2003, November–December). Aging: A biological perspective. American Scientist, 508–515.
Ast, G. (2005, April). The alternative genome. Scientific American, 58–65.
Baskin, Y. (1988, July–August). Genetically engineered microbes: The nation is not ready. American Scientist, 338–340.
Bauer, M. W., & Gaskell, G. (1999). Towards a paradigm for research on social representations. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 29(2), 163–186. doi:10.1111/1468-5914.00096.
Bauer, M. W., & Gaskell, G. (2008). Social representations theory: A progressive research programme for social psychology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 38(4), 335–353. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5914.2008.00374.x.
Bloomfield, B. P., & Doolin, B. (2012). Symbolic communication in public protest over genetic modification: Visual rhetoric, symbolic excess, and social mores. Science Communication, 35(4), 502–527.
Blum, K., Cull, J. G., Braverman, E. R., & Comings, D. E. (1996, March–April). Reward deficiency syndrome. American Scientist, 132–145.
Bower, B. (1988, July 30). Alcoholism’s elusive genes. Science News, 74–75, 79.
Brown, K. (2001, April). Seeds of concern. Scientific American, 52–57.
Brownlee, C. (2006, June 24). Nurture takes the spotlight. Science News, 169(25), 392–393, 396.
Cartwright, J. (2007). Science and literature: Towards a conceptual framework. Science & Education, 16(2), 115–139. doi:10.1007/s11191-005-4702-9.
Castle, W. E. (1905, July). Recent discoveries in heredity and their bearing on animal breeding. Popular Science, 193–208.
Clayton, J. A., & Collins, F. S. (2014). Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies. Nature, 509, 282–283.
Cohen, F. (1994). The scientific revolution: A historiographical inquiry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Diener, T. O. (1983, September–October). The viroid–A subviral pathogen. American Scientist, 481–489.
Diener, T. (2003). Discovering viroids–A personal perspective. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 1(1), 75–80.
Dobrin, S. I., & Morey, S. (2009). Ecosee: Image, rhetoric, nature. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Dolinoy, D. C., Weidman, J. R., Waterland, R. A., & Jirtle, R. L. (2006). Maternal genistein alters coat color and protects Avy mouse offspring from obesity by modifying the fetal epigenome. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114(4), 567–572.
Douglas, M. (1970). Natural symbols: Explorations in cosmology. London: Barrie and Rockliff.
Durodié, B. (2003). Limitations of public dialogue in science and the rise of new ‘experts’. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 6(4), 82–92.
East, E. M. (1910, October). The role of hybridization in plant breeding. Popular Science, 342–255.
Ferber, D. (2003, April). Something funny down on the pharm. Popular Science, 78–84.
Frow, E. K. (2012). Drawing a line: Setting guidelines for digital image processing in scientific journal articles. Social Studies of Science, 42(3), 369–392.
Fulton, T. (1998). The United States senate committee on agriculture , nutrition, and forestry 1825–1998. (No. Y 1.1/3:105–24). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office.
Galison, P. (1998). Judgment against objectivity. In C. A. Jones, P. Galison, & A. E. Slaton (Eds.), Picturing science, producing art (pp. 327–359). New York: Routledge.
Haga, S. B. (2010). Impact of limited population diversity of genome-wide association studies. Genetics in Medicine: Official Journal of the American College of Medical Genetics, 12(2), 81–84. doi:10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181ca2bbf.
Hansen, A. (2006). Tampering with nature: ‘Nature’ and the ‘natural’ in media coverage of genetics and biotechnology. Media, Culture and Society, 28(6), 811–834.
Harmon, A. (2014). A lonely quest for facts on genetically modified crops. The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2015, from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/05/us/on-hawaii-a-lonely-quest-for-facts-about-gmos.html?_r=0.
Hawthorne, S. M., & van Klinken, A. S. (2013). Introduction catachresis: Religion, gender, and postcoloniality. Religion and Gender, 3(2), 159–167.
Helft, M. (2008, September 18). Google co-founder has genetic code linked to Parkinson’s. The New York Times. Retrieved January 31, 2015, from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/19/technology/19google.html.
Hooper, J. (2006, August). Mr. hard cell. Popular Science, 64–69, 89–91.
Howard, J. A. (1984). The “normal” victim: The effects of gender stereotypes on reactions to victims. Social Psychology Quarterly, 47(3), 270–281.
Hunter, N. (1951, July 7). New kind of green gold. Science News Letter, 10–11.
Jackson, R., Barbagallo, F., & Haste, H. (2005). Strengths of public dialogue on science-related issues. Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 8(3), 349–358. doi:10.1080/13698230500187227.
Jones, D. F. (1919, September 6). Hybrid vigor and its meaning. Scientific American, 230–241.
Kartner, N., & Ling, V. (1989, March). Multidrug resistance in cancer. Scientific American, 44–51.
Kirby, L. T. (1992). DNA fingerprinting: An introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Knerr, S., Wayman, D., & Bonham, V. L. (2011). Inclusion of racial and ethnic minorities in genetic research: Advance the spirit by changing the rules? The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics: A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 39(3), 502–512.
Knorr-Cetina, K., & Amann, K. (1990). Image dissection in natural scientific inquiry. Science, Technology and Human Values, 15(3), 259–283.
Koeppel, D. (2005, August). Can this fruit be saved? Popular Science, 60–67, 104–105.
Kress, G. R., & Van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Reading images: The grammar of visual design (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Latour, B. (1998). How to be iconophilic in art, science, and religion. In C. A. Jones, P. Galison, & A. E. Slaton (Eds.), Picturing science, producing art (pp. 418–440). New York: Routledge.
Leja, D. (2010). National Human Genome Research Institute. DNA Fingerprinting. Retrieved April 4, 2015, from http://www.genome.gov/dmd/img.cfm?node=Photos/Graphics&id=85150.
Lobo, D. S., & Kennedy, J. L. (2009). Genetic aspects of pathological gambling: A complex disorder with shared genetic vulnerabilities. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 104(9), 1454–1465. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02671.x.
Lohoff, F. W. (2010). Overview of the genetics of major depressive disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12(6), 539–546. doi:10.1007/s11920-010-0150-6.
Long, H. (2007). DNA profiling: The ability to predict an image from a DNA profile. In H. Coyle (Ed.), Nonhuman DNA typing: Theory and casework applications (pp. 185–203). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Loughry, W. J., Prodöhl, P. A., McDonough, C. M., & Avise, J.C. (1998, May–June). Polyembryony in armadillos. American Scientist, 274–279.
Mellor, F. (2009). Image–music–text of popular science. In R. Holliman, E. Whitelegg, E. Scanlon, S. Smidt, & J. Thomas (Eds.), Investigating science communication in the information age (pp. 205–220). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Meyer, E. T. (2007). Socio-technical perspectives on digital photography: Scientific digital photography use by marine mammal researchers. Ph.D. Dissertation. Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Full Text (304857203).
Millius, S. (2011, July 30). DNA hints at polar bears’ Irish ancestry. Science News, 5–6.
Mori, M., MacDorman, K. F., & Kageki, N. (2012). The uncanny valley. Robotics & Automation Magazine, IEEE, 19(2), 98–100. doi:10.1109/MRA.2012.2192811.
Nelkin, D., & Andrews, L. (1999). DNA identification and surveillance creep. Sociology of Health & Illness, 21(5), 689–706.
Nelkin, D., & Lindee, M. S. (2004). The DNA mystique: The gene as a cultural icon. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Neufeld, P. J., & Colman, N. (1990, May). When science takes the witness stand. Scientific American, 46–53.
Nicolia, A., Manzo, A., Veronesi, F., & Rosellini, D. (2014). An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 34(1), 77–88.
Nurnberger, J. I., & Bierut, L. J. (2007, April). Seeking the connections: Alcoholism and our genes. Scientific American, 46–53.
Parker, P. (1990). Metaphor and catachresis. In J. Bender & D. E. Wellbery (Eds.), The ends of rhetoric: History, theory, practice (pp. 60–73). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Petersen, A. (2001). Biofantasies: Genetics and medicine in the print news media. Social Science & Medicine, 52(8), 1255–1268.
Pollack, A. (2012, July 12). That fresh look, genetically buffed. The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2015, from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/13/business/growers-fret-over-a-new-apple-that-wont-turn-brown.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
Pozzer-Ardenghi, L., & Roth, W. (2004). Making sense of photographs. Science Education, 89(2), 219–241.
Reynolds, G. (2005, September). Will we grow babies outside their mothers’ bodies? Popular Science, 72–78.
Rose, S. (1995). The rise of neurogenetic determinism. Nature, 373(6513), 380–382.
Rusting, R. L. (1992, December). Why do we age? Scientific American, 130–141.
Sachs, J. S. (2008, February). This germ could save your life. Popular Science, 64–69, 90, 92, 94.
Saey, T. H. (2010, July). All patterns great and small: Researchers uncover the origins of creatures’ stripes and spots. Science News, 28–29.
Stover, D. (2002, January). Looks can be deceiving. Popular Science, 74–77.
Treise, D., & Weigold, M. F. (2002). Advancing science communication A survey of science communicators. Science Communication, 23(3), 310–322.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2014). Genetically engineered animals. Retrieved April 23, 2015, from http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/GeneticEngineering/GeneticallyEngineeredAnimals/default.htm.
Väliverronen, E. (2004). Stories of the “medicine cow”: Representations of future promises in media discourse. Public Understanding of Science, 13(4), 363–377. doi:10.1177/0963662504046635.
van Dijck, J. (1998). Imagenation: Popular images of genetics. New York: New York University Press.
Wright, S. J. (1999, July–August). Human embryonic stem-cell research: Science and ethics. American Scientist, 352–361.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Yu, H. (2017). The Photographic View: Observational Record and Symbolic Excess. In: Communicating Genetics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58779-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58779-4_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-58778-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-58779-4
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)