Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Gender and Education ((GED))

Abstract

Viewing gender as an integral aspect of ‘bullying’ behaviours, especially related to issues of gendered and social hierarchies, is an important aspect of the poststructuralist approach to research on school bullying. As detailed in the previous chapter, many researchers (for example, Brown et al. 2007; Carrera et al. 2011; Ellwood and Davies 2010; Horton 2011; Meyer 2008a; Ringrose 2008; Ryan and Morgan 2011; Walton 2005b; Walton 2011; Warrington and Younger 2011) have encouraged a shift away from individualist and psychologised ideologies of bullying.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anagnostopoulos, D., Buchanan, N.T., Pereira, C., Lichty, L.F. (2009). School staff responses to gender-based bullying as moral interpretation. Educational Policy, 23(4), 519–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Archer, L., Halsall, A., Hollingworth, S. (2007). Class, gender, (hetero)sexuality and schooling: paradoxes within working-class girls’ engagement with education and post-16 aspirations. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 28(2), 165–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BBC News. (2011, November 2). Concern over ‘act less gay’ anti-bullying advice. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-15552623. Accessed 26 April 2012.

  • Benjamin, S., Hall, M.N.K., Collins, J., Sheehy, K. (2003). Moments of inclusion and exclusion: pupils negotiating classroom contexts. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 24(5), 547–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blaise, M. (2005b). Playing it straight: uncovering gender discourses in the early childhood classroom. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloor, M., Frankland, J., Thomas, M., Robson, K. (2002). Focus groups in social research. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boston, K. (1997). Homophobia in schools. Sydney: New South Wales Department of School Education. http://www.det.nsw.edu.au/policies/student_serv/student_welfare/homoph_sch/PD20050287.shtml.

  • Brown, L.M., Chesney-Lind, M., Stein, N. (2007). Patriarchy matters: toward a gendered theory of teen violence and victimization. Violence Against Women, 13(12), 1249–1273. doi: 10.1177/1077801207310430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burr, V. (2003). Social constructionism. London & New York: Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: feminisms and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (1993). Bodies that matter: on the discursive limits of ‘sex’. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (1994). Gender as performance: an interview with Judith Butler. Radical Philosophy, 67(1), 32–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (2004). Undoing gender. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carabine, J. (2001). Unmarried motherhood 1830–1990: a genealogical analysis. In M. Wetherell, S. Taylor, S.J. Yates (Eds.), Discourse as data (pp. 267–310). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrera, M.V., DePalma, R., Lameiras, M. (2011). Toward a more comprehensive understanding of bullying in school settings. Educational Psychology Review, 23(4), 479–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, D., Loon, J.v., Tincknell, E. (2004). Teachers’ views of teenage sexual morality. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 25(5), 563–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charles, C. (2007). Girling in liminal spaces: schooling and the constitution of young femininity. Redress, 16(1), 12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, R.W. (1987). Gender and power: society, the person, and sexual politics. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press in association with B. Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crimp, D. (1992). Hey, girlfriend!. Social Text, 33, 2–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crowhurst, M. (2001). Working through tension: a response to the concerns of lesbian, gay and bisexual secondary school students. (PhD), University of Melbourne, Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, B. (2011). Bullies as guardians of the moral order or an ethic of truths? Children & Society, 25(4), 278–286. doi: 10.1111/j.1099-0860.2011.00380.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, B., & Harré, R. (1999). Positioning and personhood. In R. Harré & L. Van Langenhove (Eds.), Positioning theory: moral contexts of intentional action. (pp. 32–52). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, J. (2003). Expressions of gender: an analysis of pupils’ gendered discourse styles in small group classroom discussions. Discourse & Society, 14(2), 115–132. doi: 10.1177/0957926503014002853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DePalma, R., & Atkinson, E. (2010). The nature of institutional heteronormativity in primary schools and practice-based responses. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(8), 1669–1676. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2010.06.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DePalma, R., & Jennett, M. (2010). Homophobia, transphobia and culture: deconstructing heteronormativity in English primary schools. Intercultural Education, 21(1), 15–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, N., Warwick, I., Whitty, G., Aggleton, P., Kemp, S. (1999). Homophobic bullying in secondary schools in England and Wales—teachers’ experiences. Health Education Australia, 99(2), 53–60. doi: 10.1108/09654289910256914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, N. (2004). It’s important to be nice, but it’s nicer to be important: girls, popularity and sexual competition. Sex Education, 4(2), 137–152. doi: 10.1080/14681810410001678329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, N., & Owens, L. (2011). Bullying, social power and heteronormativity: girls’ constructions of popularity. Children & Society, 25(4), 306–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durkin, K. (1998). Developmental social psychology: from infancy to old age. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellwood, C., & Davies, B. (2010). Violence and the moral order in contemporary schooling: a discursive analysis. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 7(2), 85–98. doi: 10.1080/14780880802477598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, D., & Johnson, R. (1994). On the straight and narrow: the heterosexual presumption, homophobias and schools. In D. Epstein (Ed.), Challenging lesbian and gay inequalities in education (pp. 197–230). Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, D., & Johnson, R. (1998). Schooling sexualities. Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferfolja, T. (2005). Institutional silence: experiences of Australian lesbian teachers working in Catholic high schools. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 2(3), 51–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferfolja, T. (2007). Schooling cultures: institutionalizing heteronormativity and heterosexism. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 11(2), 147–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge. New York: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1980). Truth and power. In C. Gordon (Ed.), Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings: 1972–1977. (pp. 109–133). Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1991). Discipline and punish. London: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (2000). So is it important to think? In J.D. Faubion (Ed.), Power: essential works of Foucault, 1954–1984 (pp. 454–458). New York: The New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (2008). The history of sexuality: volume 1. Maryborough, VIC: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frith, H. (2000). Focusing on sex: using focus groups in sex research. Sexualities, 3(3), 275–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García-Gómez, A. (2011). Regulating girlhood: evaluative language, discourses of gender socialization and relational aggression. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 18(3), 243–264. doi: 10.1177/1350506811405817

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, R. (2004). Gendered bodies and physical identities. In J. Evans, B. Davies, J. Wright (Eds.), Body knowledge and control: studies in the sociology of physical education and health (pp. 141–203). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, W. (1999). Non-hegemonic masculinities and sexualities in the secondary school: construction and regulation within a culture of heteronormativity. (Masters of Education Masters of Education), University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000259/

    Google Scholar 

  • Habibis, D., & Walter, M. (2009). Social inequality in Australia: discourses, realities, futures. South Melbourne: Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. (2001). Foucault: power, knowledge and discourse. In M. Wetherell, S. Taylor, S.J. Yates (Eds.), Discourse theory and practice: a reader (pp. 72–81). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hand, J.Z., & Sanchez, L. (2000). Badgering or bantering: gender differences in experience of, and reactions to, sexual harassment among U.S. high school students. Gender and Society, 14(6), 718–746. doi: 10.1177/089124300014006002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herr, K. (1997). The invisible minority. In M.B. Harris (Ed.), School experiences of gay and lesbian youth: the invisible minority. New York: Harrington Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillier, L., Jones, T., Monagle, M., Overton, N., Gahan, L., Blackman, J., Mitchell, A. (2010). Writing themselves in 3: the third national study on the sexual health and wellbeing of same sex attracted and gender questioning young people (L.T. University Ed.). Melbourne: Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society (ARCSHS): La Trobe University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillier, L., Turner, A., Mitchell, A. (2005). Writing themselves in again: 6 years on. The 2nd national report on the sexuality, health and well-being of same sex attracted young people in Australia (L.T. University Ed.). Melbourne: Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society (ARCSHS): La Trobe University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton, P. (2011). School bullying and social and moral orders. Children & Society, 25(4), 268–277. doi: 10.1111/j.1099-0860.2011.00377.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, K. (2010). Discourse analysis. In M. Walter (Ed.), Social research methods (pp. 351–376). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, M., & Phillips, L. (2002). Discourse analysis as theory and method. London: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Keddie, A. (2007). Games of subversion and sabotage: issues of power, masculinity, class, rurality and schooling. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 28(2), 181–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kosciw, J., Greytak, E., Diaz, E. (2009). Who, what, where, when, and why: demographic and ecological factors contributing to hostile school climate for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(7), 976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumashiro, K. (2002). Troubling education: queer activism and antioppressive education. New York: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lahelma, E. (2002). Gendered conflicts in secondary school: fun or enactment of power? Gender and Education, 14(3), 295–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, H., Redelius, K., Fagrell, B. (2010). Moving (in) the heterosexual matrix. On heteronormativity in secondary school physical education. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 16(1), 67–81. doi: 10.1080/17408989.2010.491819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liao, J., & Markula, P. (2009). Reading media texts in women’s sport: critical discourse analysis and Foucauldian discourse analysis. In P. Markula (Ed.), Olympic women and the media (pp. 30–49). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lovegrove, E., & Rumsey, N. (2005). Ignoring it doesn’t make it stop: adolescents, appearance, and bullying. The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 42(1), 33–44. doi: 10.1597/03-097.5.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mac an Ghaill, M. (1994). The making of men: masculinities, sexualities and schooling. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martino, W. (2000). Policing masculinities: investigating the role of homophobia and heteronormativity in the lives of adolescent school boys. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 8(2), 213–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martino, W., & Pallotta-Chiarolli, M. (2003). So what’s a boy?: addressing issues of masculinity and schooling. Maidenhead, Berkshire; Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martino, W., & Pallotta-Chiarolli, M. (2005). Being normal is the only way to be: adolescent perspectives on gender and school. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, E.J. (2008a). A feminist reframing of bullying and harassment: transforming schools through critical pedagogy. McGill Journal of Education, 43(1), 33–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, E.J. (2008b). Gendered harassment in secondary schools: understanding teachers’ (non) interventions. Gender and Education, 20(6), 555–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, M. (2012). Schools, violence, masculinities and privilege. In S. Saltmarsh, K. Robinson, C. Davies (Eds.), Rethinking school violence: theory, gender, context (pp. 94–110). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D. (1997). Bully/victim problems in school: facts and intervention. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 12(4), 495–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pascoe, C.J. (2007). Dude, you’re a fag: masculinity and sexuality in high school. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phoenix, A., Frosh, S., Pattman, R. (2003). Producing contradictory masculine subject positions: narratives of threat, homophobia and bullying in 11–14 year old boys. Journal of Social Issues, 59(1), 179–195. doi: 10.1111/1540-4560.t01-1-00011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, D. (2001). The quest for modern manhood: masculine stereotypes, peer culture and the social significance of homophobia. Journal of Adolescence, 24(1), 15–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poteat, V.P., & Rivers, I. (2010). The use of homophobic language across bullying roles during adolescence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(2), 166–172. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2009.11.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, M.L. (2006). Becoming subjects: sexualities and secondary schooling. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Read, B. (2011). Britney, Beyoncé, and me—primary school girls’ role models and constructions of the ‘popular’ girl. Gender and Education, 23(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renold, E. (2000). ‘Coming out’: gender, (hetero)sexuality and the primary school. Gender and Education, 12(3), 309–326. doi: 10.1080/713668299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renold, E. (2002). Presumed innocence: (hetero)sexual, heterosexist and homophobic harassment among primary school girls and boys. Childhood, 9(4), 415–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renold, E. (2003). ‘If you don’t kiss me, you’re dumped’: boys, boyfriends and heterosexualised masculinities in the primary school. Educational Review, 55(2), 179–194. doi: 10.1080/0013191032000072218

    Google Scholar 

  • Renold, E. (2005). Girls, boys and junior sexualities: exploring children’s gender and sexual relations in the primary school. London: RoutledgeFalmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renold, E. (2006). ‘They won’t let us play…unless you’re going out with one of them’: girls, boys and Butler’s ‘heterosexual matrix’ in the primary years. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 27(4), 489–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rich, A. (1980). Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 5(4), 631–660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringrose, J. (2006). A new universal mean girl: examining the discursive construction and social regulation of a new feminine pathology. Feminism & Psychology, 16(4), 405–424. doi: 10.1177/0959353506068747

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringrose, J. (2008). ‘Just be friends’: exposing the limits of educational bully discourses for understanding teen girls’ heterosexualized friendships and conflicts. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 29(5), 509–522. doi: 10.1080/01425690802263668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringrose, J. (2010). Rethinking gendered regulations and resistances in education. Gender and Education, 22(6), 595–601. doi: 10.1080/09540253.2010.519575

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringrose, J., & Eriksson Barajas, K. (2011). Gendered risks and opportunities?: exploring teen girls’ digitized sexual identities in postfeminist media contexts. International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 7(2), 121–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringrose, J., & Renold, E. (2010). Normative cruelties and gender deviants: the performative effects of bully discourses for girls and boys in school. British Educational Research Journal, 36(4), 573–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Røthing, A. (2008). Homotolerance and heteronormativity in Norwegian classrooms. Gender and Education, 20(3), 253–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, A., & Morgan, M. (2011). Bullying in secondary schools: an analysis of discursive positioning. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 46(1), 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salih, S. (2002). Judith Butler. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sedgwick, E.K. (1990). Epistemology of the closet. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skelton, C., Carrington, B., Francis, B., Hutchings, M., Read, B., Hall, I. (2009). Gender ‘matters’ in the primary classroom: pupils’ and teachers’ perspectives. British Educational Research Journal, 35(2), 187–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • St. Pierre, E.A., & Pillow, W.S. (Eds.). (2000). Working the ruins: feminist poststructural theory and methods in education. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, M.E., & DesRoches, S. (2008). Citizenship for some: heteronormativity as cloaked bullying. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 19(3–4), 173–187. doi: 10.1080/10538720802161680

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornberg, R., & Knutsen, S. (2011). Teenagers’ explanations of bullying. Child & Youth Care Forum, 40(3), 177–192. doi: 10.1007/s10566-010-9129-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walkerdine, V. (1990). Schoolgirl fictions. London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, G. (2005b). The notion of bullying through the lens of Foucault and critical theory. The Journal of Educational Thought, 39(1), 55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, G. (2011). Spinning our wheels: reconceptualizing bullying beyond behaviour-focused approaches. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 32(1), 131–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warrington, M., & Younger, M. (2011). ‘Life is a tightrope’: reflections on peer group inclusion and exclusion amongst adolescent girls and boys. Gender and Education, 23(2), 153–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warwick, I., Aggleton, P., Douglas, N. (2001). Playing it safe: addressing the emotional and physical health of lesbian and gay pupils in the U.K. Journal of Adolescence, 24(1), 129–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, G. (1994). Feminisms in education. Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, C., & Zimmerman, D. (1999). Doing gender. In J. Lorber (Ed.), The social construction of gender (pp. 102–121). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willig, C. (2008a). Discursive psychology. In C. Willig (Ed.), Introducing qualitative research in psychology: adventures in theory and method (Second edition, pp. 92–111). Berkshire, UK: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willig, C. (2008b). Foucauldian discourse analysis. In C. Willig (Ed.), Introducing qualitative research in psychology: adventures in theory and method (Second edition, pp. 113–131). Berkshire, England: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witthaus, D. (2006). Beyond ‘that’s so gay’. Redress, 15(2), 24–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, J. (2004). Post-structural methodologies: the body, schooling and health. In J. Evans, B. Davies, J. Wright (Eds.), Body knowledge and control: studies in the sociology of physical education and health (pp. 19–31). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youdell, D. (2004). Wounds and reinscriptions: schools, sexualities and performative subjects. Discourse, 25(4), 477–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youdell, D. (2005). Sex–gender–sexuality: how sex, gender and sexuality constellations are constituted in secondary schools. Gender and Education, 17(3), 249–270. doi: 10.1080/09540250500145148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Usher, R., & Edwards, R. (1994). Postmodernism and education. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rawlings, V. (2017). Gender Regulation. In: Gender Regulation, Violence and Social Hierarchies in School. Palgrave Studies in Gender and Education. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52302-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52302-0_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-52301-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-52302-0

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics