Investigation of wind energy speed and power, and its impact of sustainability: Saudi Arabia a model

The study of wind energy is presented in six sites; Sharurah, Jeddah South, Al Wajh, Riyadh, Hafar Al Batin and Al Jouf of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is updated. The wind energy and its status are interpreted. The annual mean values of long-term for wind speeds are varied between the years 2000 and 2020. Also, the wind power density annual values are varied between the years 2006 and 2020. In addition, the speed of winds over whole the geography of KSA is researched. The distribution of percent frequency at different speeds of wind of these six sites at 12 m along two decades ago is presented that could affect on sustainability.


Introduction
The wind energy is a part of renewable energies that is growing up quickly and has environmentally-friendly and cost-effective properties in comparison with the traditional fuel. The wind energy is very suitable source to address and conserve environment clean and green. So, it is observed obviously that the wind plants are increased rapidly worldwide that is attributed to a novel installation to be commissioned on the earth [1]. For the international power capacity, United States of American regards a leader for the projects of wind energy [2]. Therefore, it is evitable for the middle-east to follow-up and report varied speed effort and wind power [3].
Bahaj et al. [4] have presented geographical information system for solving the spatial siting of offshore wind farms taking into consideration suitable conflict constraints/ factors. They have displayed new approaches to solve the factor of conflicting of offshore wind farms. One of the approaches has been verified to determine the potential of offshore wind energy at Peninsula of Arab to be included attractive results of offshore wind farms. While, Mahbub et al. [5] have tested theThe wind energy is a part of renewable energies that is growing up quickly and has environmentally-friendly and cost-effective properties in comparison with the traditional fuel. The wind energy is very suitable source to address and conserve environment clean and green. So, it is observed obviously that the wind plants are increased rapidly worldwide that is attributed to a novel installation to be commissioned on the earth [1]. For the international power capacity, United States of American regards a leader for the projects of wind energy [2]. Therefore, it is evitable for the middle-east to follow-up and report varied speed effort and wind power [3].

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effect of plant capacity factor, air turbulence intensity, energy yield, wind power, wind shear exponent and hub height for getting energy. They have studied different heights of wind speed. Also, Atieh et al. [6] have illustrated novel wind tunnel with conical and elevation structure for generated power. They have used a diameter, 48 cm for aluminum blades for turbine of wind making of galvanized aluminum with back ends and square front with length of side, 0.5 m and 0.75 m, respectively. In addition, they have researched simulations for speed calculation of winds at different locations in Saudi Arabia (KSA). Otherside, Shawon et al. [7] have focused on wind energy potential to analyze the wind energy technologies-based economics. Shaahid [8] has characterized the wind speed in KSA to verify the economic and technological potential of wind energy. They have proved that the wind speed average is 3.3-5.6 m/s, while the result of simulation refers to 100 kW wind capacity. And, Allhibi et al. [9] have illustrated on KSA's vision 2030 to target 20% of producing wind power. There is an actual impetus for producing electricity via investment of wind farms. Salim and Alsyouf [10] have estimated the potential of wind energy as a necessary energy of future in the Arabian gulf countries (GCC). They have elaborated best understanding for status and future of wind potentials, strategies, targets and projects. Bassyouni et al. [11] have researched eleven years (2002-2012) for determining the characteristics of wind in Jeddah-KSA. They have found the maximum and minimum potential of wind energy of different months along one year. They have investigated hat wind is blowing predominantly from south east direction. While, Farh et al. [12] have presented a software applied in KSA to choose a suitable wind turbine basing on technical and economic assessments. They have displayed two turbines of wind of same performance but different powers could get same factor of capacity in a one location to provide feasible economic requirements. Finally, Alharbi and Csala [13] have utilized approaches of Brownian Motion and Monte-Carlo simulation for predicting future behaviors for wind potential in KSA to provide varied options of future results. They have resulted that KSA's north-western is highly recommended location to deploy wind energy, which is attributed wind energy abundance and its resources of low temperature along the year. They have presented climate goals roadmap for wind potential for the long-term future.
The purpose of current work is to investigate the winds power, wind speed analysis, mean wind power density variation and wind speed frequency distribution of KSA. The additional study is to elaborate wind energy in KSA and present a new work could be added to the literature review to provide recent data helping for future researches and studies.

Winds
KSA has specific weather and of geographic perceptions, so it is a windy country. KSA has high atmospheric pressure, but the seasonal pressure difference is a relatively little. The detailed situation of seasons is presented in Table 1. The Arabian gulf is not windy too despite of shamal winds. Riyadh has 2 m/s, which regards relatively low mean monthly wind speed, in addition to lower monthly maximum [14]. Hafar Al Batin is in north-east of KSA has double monthly maximum and windier in comparison with gulf coast. Different diverged locations or sites like Al Wajh is in the north and Sharurah is in the south illustrate the speed of wind is declining from north to south. Additionally, Jeddah South and its altitude are less windy than Al Jouf or Hafar Al Batin.
The winds of big anticlockwise are attributed to intense low pressure over the east for displaying northerly winds as illustrated in Fig. 1. In addition, there are many seasonal winds that affect KSA. Also, there are other winds called aziab, which are dry, strong, hot and hot winds originated south-west like occurred in May-September every year. They carry dusts to Jeddah include thunderstorms. The fronts and low-pressure causes disturbances originated west or north-east locations. This is guiding to know more about erosion winds that play a very important role in development of KSA's landforms. Obviously, the erosion winds have been effective in the areas of dune where the grains of sand are frosted because of high impact of collisions. Now, KSA has abundant of erosion winds related to former palaeoclimates although it is not a windy country.

Wind energy in KSA
KSA has alternative resources of renewable energies like wind potential to contribute attractively to KSA's vision 2030. The wind map of KSA is known by Arabian gulf and red sea. The studies have informed that the wind speed of wind is 6-8 m/s [15]. Anyway, it has not analysis of wind potential reflecting wind speed distribution. The western, northeast and central mountains have high winds speed. Therefore, the wind speed map of KSA is shown in Fig. 2. Furthermore, KSA presents east wind speed potential, 7.5-8 m/s, west wind speed potential, 7-7.5 m/s and center wind speed potential, 5-6.5 m/s [15]. Figure 3 shows the average wind speeds of six locations in KSA within 2020, which are distributed for south, west, north and east. For the best knowledge, Riyadh has lowest winds speed and natural landscape is available in Jeddah. While, Al Wajh has highest winds speed and average winds speed is available in inner areas of Sharurah and Hafar Al Batin.
It is well known that oil countries like KSA rely on coal, gas and oil that cause CO 2 emission affecting the global warming. The convention of Paris is commissioned for reducing carbon dioxide and naphtha emissions as referred in 2015 [16,17]. Its goal is for controlling the global temperature under 2 °C a year. It is referred that KSA has a necessary role in this treaty. KSA produces M 494.82 ton of CO 2 [18], so it is ranking the 11 th grade of CO 2 emission [19]. Alongside, it is expected to increase its production to be doubled by 2023 [20]. Furthermore, KSA's vision 2030 urges for increasing renewable energies instead of fossil fuels.

Results and discussion
The mean wind power density variation, wind speed frequency distribution and wind speed analysis are discussed and interpreted as the followings:

Analysis of wind speed
The economic, smooth and long-term conversion of wind potential systems are very necessary for investigating and researching annually. The long-term concept is required for investigating speed of winds for a period of one decade (10-20 years) [21]. The strength information of winds and availability of winds power are important for mean speed of winds annually [22]. The annual density of winds power and speed of winds are studied. The speed of winds increases gradually for long-term period for supporting a confidence to improve the design and financing of winds farms. The mean speed of winds at 12 m varied between minimum, 3.3 m/s in 2000 and maximum, 5 m/s in 2020 is illustrated for six locations in KSA as shown in Fig. 4. Therefore, every one decade, the speed of winds displays a change of cycle. Also, for two decades consecutively, it is seen clearly the variation of speed of winds, which is attributed to reason of weather. Generally, it is shown an increasing in the long-term period. The speed of winds for seasonal monthly found at 12 m following specific trends of Riyadh as illustrated in Fig. 5. So, the higher mean speed of winds is noticed in 2020, but the lowest mean speed of winds is in 2000. The monthly mean variation of speed of winds is observed for two decades consecutively. While, the accumulated data are assistance for overall values of mean monthly for the same time period without reflecting change of season. The average values of mean monthly are 4 m/s at 12 m.

Density variation of mean winds power
The daily values of density and speed of winds are employed to study the winds power mean density for six locations in KSA as shown in Fig. 6. Figure 6 illustrates a matching approximately for variation of density values of winds power and speed. It is observed in 2006, there is a lowest value of winds power density, 44 W/m 2 compared with 2002 for lowest value of winds speed as attributed to the calculated percentage of error. But at 2020, the highest value is 88 W/m 2 compared with 2020 for the highest value of wind speed too. It is observed from Fig. 6 that density values are high at 12 m. For studying seasonal behavior of winds power density for Riyadh, the mean value is calculated at 12 m as depicted in Fig. 7. It is noticed the vibration density values of winds power for two decades consecutively. They are found 20-85 W/m 2 at 12 m. Figure 8 shows the percent frequency distribution of mean speed of winds at different speeds for six locations of KSA at 12 m for two decades. The frequency distribution at 12 m is obtained. For 12 m, the winds value is fixed to remain zero for less than 18% for different speeds. It is normal to observe that the commercial winds turbine resumes to generate energy at 3.5 m/s. The wind machine generates energy for 18% at 12 m. As a prove, Hafar Al Batin is for the existed winds turbines and data to generate energy within the mentioned percent. So, at 12 m/s, the winds machine gives power during whole collected data.

Conclusions
The wind energy in six locations of KSA was analyzed and distributed with updated data. The discussion was focused on winds energy and potential. The values of long-term of winds speed were found between 3.3 m/s in 2000 and 5 m/s in 2020. The annual values of winds power density were varied between 44 W/m 2 in 2006 and 88 W/m 2 in 2020. Also, the wind speeds were researched over whole KSA and distributed geographically for south, west, north and east. The deduced distribution of percent frequency was less than 18% at 12 m. It was obvious that disseminate of wind energy culture for future development and installation is important to develop for minimizing the GHG and supporting the national economics, which has obvious impact of sustainability.