Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic and complex endocrine disorder that affects women of reproductive age. This syndrome is benign and is characterized by a combination of ovarian dysfunction and estrogen dependency symptoms, as well as pain and infertility. The most commonly stated symptoms include dysmenorrhea, significant dyspareunia, dyschezia, and dysuria. It is a severe public health issue. The prevalence rate is quite high and continues to rise on a daily basis. Starting with its diagnosis, pathophysiology, repercussions, and treatment options, there are numerous areas of disagreement. This study aims to provide an overview of the development of endometriosis diagnosis, symptoms, risk factors, etiology, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and treatment, with a focus on research and the creation of novel therapeutic strategies. We conclude by making predictions and recommendations for the future of endometriosis-related research and prospective therapy approaches.
Graphical Abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
17 August 2023
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-023-00444-0
References
Abbas MA, Taha MO, Zihlif MA, Disi AM (2013) β-Caryophyllene causes regression of endometrial implants in a rat model of endometriosis without affecting fertility. Eur J Pharmacol 702:12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.011
Agarwal SK, Chapron C, Giudice LC, Laufer MR, Leyland N, Missmer SA, Singh SS, Taylor HS (2019) Clinical diagnosis of endometriosis: a call to action. Am J Obstet Gynecol 220:354.e1-354.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.12.039
Alimi Y, Iwanaga J, Loukas M, Tubbs RS (2018) The clinical anatomy of endometriosis: a review. Cureus 10:e3361. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.3361
Amini L, Chekini R, Nateghi MR, Haghan H, Jamialahmadi T, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A (2021) The effect of combined vitamin C and vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress markers in women with endometriosis: a randomized, triple-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain Res Manag 2021:5529741. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5529741
Anastasiu CV, Moga MA, Elena Neculau A, Bălan A, Scârneciu I, Dragomir RM, Dull AM, Chicea LM (2020) Biomarkers for the noninvasive diagnosis of endometriosis: state of the art and future perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 21:1750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051750
Annika S, Sajal G (2017) The role of antioxidant supplementation in endometriosis therapy. World J Gynecol Womens Health 3:555601
Arablou T, Kolahdouz-Mohammadi R (2018) Curcumin and endometriosis: review on potential roles and molecular mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 97:91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.119
Arablou T, Aryaeian N, Khodaverdi S, Mohammadi RK, Moradi Z, Rashidi N, Delbandi AK (2021) The effects of resveratrol on the expression of VEGF, TGF-β, and MMP-9 in endometrial stromal cells of women with endometriosis. Sci Rep 11:6054. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85512-y
Ashish A, Kusum K, Rai S, Singh R (2020) Endometriosis a brief review: evaluation of crucial risk factors and current treatment regimes. Int J Adv Med 7:1896–1905. https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20205053
Baboo KD, Chen ZY, Zhang XM (2019) Role of oxidative stress and antioxidant therapies in endometriosis. Reprod Dev Med 3:170–176. https://doi.org/10.4103/2096-2924.268154
Balan A, Moga MA, DimaL DCG, Martinescu CC, Panait DE, Irimie CA, Anastasiu CV (2021) An overview on the conservative management of endometriosis from a naturopathic perspective: phytochemicals and medicinal plants. Plants 10:587. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10030587
Barbara G, Buggio L, Facchin F, Vercellini P (2021) Medical treatment for endometriosis: tolerability, quality of life and adherence. Front Glob Womens Health 2:729601. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2021.729601
Bedaiwy MA, Alfaraj S, Yong P, Casper R (2017) New developments in the medical treatment of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 107:555–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.12.025
Bina F, Soleymani S, Toliat T, Hajimahmoodi M, Tabarrai M, Abdollahi M, Rahimi R (2019) Plant-derived medicines for treatment of endometriosis: a comprehensive review of molecular mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 139:76–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.008
Bulletti C, Coccia ME, Battistoni S, Borini A (2010) Endometriosis and infertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 27:441–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-010-9436-1
Bulun SE, Yilmaz BD, Sison C, Miyazak K, Bernardi L, Liu S, Kohlmeier A, Yin P, Milad M, Wei J (2019) Endometriosis. Endocr Rev 40:1048–1079. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00242
Bulun SE (2019) Yen and Jaffe’s reproductive endocrinology. In: Endometriosis, 8h edn. Elsevier, pp 609–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-47912-7.00025-1
Cacciottola L, Donnez J, Dolmans MM (2021) Can endometriosis-related oxidative stress pave the way for new treatment targets? Int J Mol Sci 22:7138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22137138
Cai X, Liu M, Zhang B, Zhao SJ, Jiang SW (2021) Phytoestrogens for the management of endometriosis: findings and issues. Pharmaceuticals 14:569. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14060569
Chen Y, Chen C, Shi S, Han J, Wang J, Hu J, Liu Y, Cai Z, Yu C (2011) Endometriotic implants regress in rat models treated with puerarin by decreasing estradiol level. Reprod Sci 18:886–891. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719111398500
Cheng J, Yang HL, Gu CJ, Liu YK, Shao J, Zhu R, He YY, Zhu XY, Li MQ (2019) Melatonin restricts the viability and angiogenesis of vascular endothelial cells by suppressing HIF-1α/ROS/VEGF. Int J Mol Med 43:945–955. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.4021
Clower L, Fleshman T, Geldenhuys WJ, Santanam N (2022) Targeting oxidative stress involved in endometriosis and its pain. Biomolecules 12:1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12081055
Dai Y, Li X, Shi J, Leng J (2018) A review of the risk factors, genetics, and treatment of endometriosis in Chinese women: a comparative update. Reprod Health 15:82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0506-7
Dar RA, Shahnawaz M, Rasool S, Qazi PH (2017) Natural product medicines: a literature update. J Phytopharmacol 6:340–342. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2017.6606
Della-Corte L, Noventa M, Ciebiera M, Magliarditi M, Sleiman Z, Karaman E, Catena U, Salvaggio C, Falzone G, Garzon S (2020) Phytotherapy in endometriosis: an up-to-date review. J Complement Integr Med 17:20190084. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2019-0084
Dhesi AS, Morelli SS (2015) Endometriosis: a role for stem cells. Womens Health 11:35–49. https://doi.org/10.2217/whe.14.57
Dmowski WP (1982) Danazol in the treatment of endometriosis and infertility. Prog Clin Biol Res 112(Pt B):167–186
D’Souza LC, Paithankar JG, Siddique HR, Sharma A (2022) Future of herbal medicines in assisted reproduction. Herbal Medicines 2022:385–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90572-5.00021-4
Dull AM, Moga MA, Dimienescu OG, Sechel G, Burtea V, Anastasiu CV (2019) Therapeutic approaches of resveratrol on endometriosis via anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic pathways. Molecules 24:667. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040667
Ekarattanawong S, Tanprasertkul C, Somprasit C, Chamod P, Tiengtip R, Bhamarapravatana K, Suwannarurk K (2017) Possibility of using superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase as endometriosis biomarkers. Int J Womens Health 9:711–716. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S141021
Elmore S (2007) Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol 35:495–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230701320337
Farquhar C (2007) Endometriosis BMJ 334:249–253. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39073.736829.BE
Fidyt K, Fiedorowicz A, Strządała L, Szumny A (2016) β-Caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide-natural compounds of anticancer and analgesic properties. Cancer Med 5:3007–3017. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.816
Francomano F, Caruso A, Barbarossa A, Fazio A, La Torre C, Ceramella J, Mallamaci R, Saturnino C, Iacopetta D, Sinicropi MS (2019) β-Caryophyllene: a sesquiterpene with countless biological properties. Appl Sci 9:5420. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9245420
Gerber HP, McMurtrey A, Kowalski J, Yan M, Keyt BA, Dixit V, Ferrara N (1998) Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates endothelial cell survival through the phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway. Requirement for Flk-1/KD.Ractivation. J Biol Chem 273:30336–30343. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.46.30336
Giudice LC, Kao LC (2004) Endometriosis. Lancet 364:1789–1799. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17403-5
Gołąbek A, Kowalska K, Olejnik A (2021) Polyphenols as a diet therapy concept for endometriosis-current opinion and future perspectives. Nutrients 13:1347. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041347
Greene AD, Lang SA, Kendziorski JA, Sroga-Rios JM, Herzog TJ, Burns KA (2016) Endometriosis: where are we and where are we going? Reproduction 152:R63–R78. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-16-0052
Guardo FD, Shah M, Cerana MC, Biondi A, Karaman E, Török P, Yela DA, Giampaolino P, Buck AM, Lagana AS (2019) Management of women affected by endometriosis: are we stepping forward? JEPPD 11:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/2284026519841520
Gupta S, Agarwal A, Krajcir N, Alvarez JG (2006) Role of oxidative stress in endometriosis. Reprod Biomed Online 13:126–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1472-6483(10)62026-3
Harlev A, Gupta S, Agarwal A (2015) Targeting oxidative stress to treat endometriosis. Expert OpinTher Targets 19:1447–1464. https://doi.org/10.1517/14728222.2015.1077226
Hsu AL, Khachikyan I, Stratton P (2010) Invasive and noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 53:413–419. https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181db7ce8
Hunt G, Allaire C, Yong P, Dunne C (2021) Endometriosis: an update on diagnosis and medical management. BC Med J 63:158–163
Ilhan M, GürağaçDereli FT, Akkol EK (2019) Novel drug targets with traditional herbal medicines for overcoming endometriosis. Curr Drug Deliv 16:386–399. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201816666181227112421
Imran M, Aslam Gondal T, Atif M, Shahbaz M, Qaisarani TB, Mughal MH, Salehi B, Martorell M, Rad JS (2020) Apigenin as an anticancer agent. Phytother Res 34:1812–1828. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6647
Iyshwarya BK, Mohammed V, Veerabathiran R (2021) Genetics of endometriosis and its association with ovarian cancer. Gynecol Obstet Clin Med 1:177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gocm.2021.09.001
Juhasz-Böss I, Laschke MW, Müller F, Rosenbaum P, Baum S, Solomayer EF, Ulrich U (2014) Endometriosis: survey of current diagnostic and therapeutic options and latest research work. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 74:733–742. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1382884
Kalaitzopoulos DR, Samartzis N, Kolovos GN, Mareti E, Samartzis EP, Eberhard M, Dinas K, Daniilidis A (2021) Treatment of endometriosis: a review with comparison of 8 guidelines. BMC Womens Health 21:397. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01545-5
Kamal DAM, Salamt N, Yusuf ANM, Kashim MIAM, Mokhtar MH (2021) Potential health benefits of curcumin on female reproductive disorders: a review. Nutrients 13:3126. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093126
Kiani K, Lamardi SNS, Laschke MW, Ardakani HM, Movahedin M, Ostad SN, Aflatoonian R, Moini A (2016) Medicinal plants and natural compounds in the treatment of experimental endometriosis: a systematic review protocol. Evid Based Preclin Med 2016:e000193. https://doi.org/10.1002/ebm2.19
Kolahdouz Mohammadi R, Arablou T (2017) Resveratrol and endometriosis: in vitro and animal studies and underlying mechanisms (Review). Biomed Pharmacother 91:220–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.078
Kovács Z, Glover L, Reidy F, MacSharry J, Saldova R (2021) Novel diagnostic options for endometriosis - based on the glycome and microbiome. J Adv Res 33:167–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.015
Kvaskoff M, Mu F, Terry KL, Harris HR, Poole EM, Farland L, Missmer SA (2015) Endometriosis: a high-risk population for major chronic diseases? Hum Reprod Update 21:500–516. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmv013
Laganà AS, Garzon S, Götte M, Viganò P, Franchi M, Ghezzi F, Martin DC (2019) The pathogenesis of endometriosis: molecular and cell biology insights. Int J Mol Sci 20:5615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225615
Laschke MW, Schwender C, Scheuer C, Vollmar B, Menger MD (2008) Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits estrogen-induced activation of endometrial cells in vitro and causes regression of endometriotic lesions in vivo. Hum Reprod 23:2308–2318. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/den245
Li G, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Gu N, Yang B, Shan S, Liu N, Ouyang J, Yang Y, Sun F, Xu H (2022) Endometrial stromal cell ferroptosis promotes angiogenesis in endometriosis. Cell Death Discov 8:29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-022-00821-z
Liu M, Hansen PE, Wang G, Qiu L, Dong J, Yin H, Qian Z, Yang M, Miao J (2015) Pharmacological profile of xanthohumol, a prenylated flavonoid from hops (Humulus lupulus). Molecules 20:754–779. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules20010754
Macer ML, Taylor HS (2012) Endometriosis and infertility: a review of the pathogenesis and treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 39:535–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2012.10.002
Machairiotis N, Vasilakaki S, Kouroutou P (2020) Natural products: potential lead compounds for the treatment of endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 245:7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.11.019
Maharani M, Lajuna L, Yuniwati C, Sabrida O, Sutrisno S (2021) Phytochemical characteristics from Phaleria macrocarpa and its inhibitory activity on the peritoneal damage of endometriosis. J Ayurveda Integr Med 12:229–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2020.06.002
Mulgund A, Doshi S, Agarwal A (2015) The role of oxidative stress in endometriosis. Nutrition and reproduction. In: Watson RR (ed) Handbook of fertility. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800872-0.00025-1
Ng SW, Norwitz SG, Taylor HS, Norwitz ER (2020) Endometriosis: the role of iron overload and ferroptosis. Reprod Sci 27:1383–1390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43032-020-00164-z
Ngo C, Chéreau C, Nicco C, Weill B, Chapron C, Batteux B (2009) Reactive oxygen species controls endometriosis progression. Am J Pathology 175:225–234. https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2009.080804
Noor S, Muhammad T, Rehman MU, Sayyed B, Noor S, Ubaidullah J, Maqbool T, Shams RMAA (2022) The relationship of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in females associated with endometriosis. Pak-Euro J Med Life Sci 5:345–350. https://doi.org/10.31580/pjmls.v5i2.2523
Ojha S, Javed H, Azimullah S, Haque ME (2016) β-Caryophyllene, a phytocannabinoid attenuates oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, glial activation, and salvages dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson disease. Mol Cell Biochem 418:59–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-016-2733-y
Olive DL, Pritts EA (2001) Treatment of endometriosis. N Engl J Med 345:266–275. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200107263450407
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Int J Surg 88:105906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105906
Parasar P, Ozcan P, Terry KL (2017) Endometriosis: epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical management. Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep 6:34–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13669-017-0187-1
Patel D, Shukla S, Gupta S (2007) Apigenin and cancer chemoprevention: progress, potential and promise (review). Int J Oncol 30:233–245
Pirdel L, Pirdel M (2014) Role of iron overload-induced macrophage apoptosis in the pathogenesis of peritoneal endometriosis. Reproduction 147:R199–R207. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-13-0552
Rocha AL, Reis FM, Taylor RN (2013) Angiogenesis and endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Int 2013:859619. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/859619
Rolla E (2019) Endometriosis: advances and controversies in classification, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. 8: F1000 Faculty Rev-529. Preprint https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14817.1
Rudzitis-Auth J, Körbel C, Scheuer C, Menger MD, Laschke MW (2012) Xanthohumol inhibits growth and vascularization of developing endometriotic lesions. Hum Reprod 27:1735–1744. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/des095
Samimi M, Pourhanifeh MH, Mehdizadehkash A, Eftekhar T, Asemi Z (2019) The role of inflammation, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and apoptosis in the pathophysiology of endometriosis: basic science and new insights based on gene expression. J Cell Physiol 234:19384–19392. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28666
Sarpietro MG, Sotto AD, Accolla ML, Castelli F (2015) Interaction of β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide with phospholipid bilayers: differential scanning calorimetry study. Thermochim Acta 600:28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2014.11.029
Sayantan J, Paul S, Swarnakar S (2012) Curcumin as anti-endometriotic agent: implication of MMP-3 and intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 83:797–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.030
Schrager S, Falleroni J, Edgoose J (2013) Evaluation and treatment of endometriosis. Am Fam Physician 87:107–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102497017S2009
Scutiero G, Iannone P, Bernardi G, Bonaccorsi G, Spadaro S, Volta CA, Greco P, Nappi L (2017) Oxidative stress and endometriosis: a systematic review of the literature. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017:7265238. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7265238
Sepulcri RP, do Amaral VF (2009) Depressive symptoms, anxiety, and quality of life in women with pelvic endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 142:53–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.09.003
Shukla S, Gupta S (2010) Apigenin: a promising molecule for cancer prevention. Pharm Res 27:962–978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0089-7
Stilley JA, Birt JA, Sharpe-Timms KL (2012) Cellular and molecular basis for endometriosis-associated infertility. Cell Tissue Res 349:849–862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-011-1309-0
Sugino N, Karube-Harada A, Taketani T, Sakata A, Nakamura Y (2004) Withdrawal of ovarian steroids stimulates prostaglandin F2alpha production through nuclear factor-kappaB activation via oxygen radicals in human endometrial stromal cells: potential relevance to menstruation. J Reprod Dev 50:215–225
Suou K, Taniguchi F, Tagashira Y, Kiyama T, Terakawa N, Harada T (2011) Apigenin inhibits tumor necrosis factor α-induced cell proliferation and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by inactivating NFκB in endometriotic stromal cells. Fertil Steril 95:1518–1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.09.046
Taniguchis F, Kaponis A, Izawa M, Kiyama T, Deura I, Ito M, Iwabe T, Adonakis G, Terakawa T, Harada T (2011) Apoptosis and endometriosis. Front Biosci 3:648–662. https://doi.org/10.2741/e277
Tsamantioti ES, Mahdy H (2023) Endometriosis. StatPearls Internet, Treasure Island
Vallée A, Lecarpentier Y (2020) Curcumin and endometriosis. Int J Mol Sci 21:2440. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072440
Viganò P, Parazzini F, Somigliana E, Vercellini P (2004) Endometriosis: epidemiology and aetiological factors. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 18:177–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2004.01.007
Vitale SG, Capriglione S, Peterlunger I, Rosa VL, Vitagliano A, Noventa M, Valenti G, Sapia F, Angioli R, Lopez S, Sarpietro G, Rossetti D (2018) The role of oxidative stress and membrane transport systems during endometriosis: a fresh look at a busy corner. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2018:7924021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7924021
Wang CC, Xu H, Man GC, Zhang T, Chu KO, Chu CV, Cheng JT, Li G, He YX, Qin L, Lau TS, Kwong J, Chan TH (2013) Prodrug of green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (Pro-EGCG) as a potent anti-angiogenesis agent for endometriosis in mice. Angiogenesis 16:59–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-012-9299-4
Wee-Stekly WW, Kew CCY, Chern BSM (2015) Endometriosis: a review of the diagnosis and pain management. Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther 4:106–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gmit.2015.06.005
Wu MH, Lu CW, Chuang PC, Tsai SJ (2010) Prostaglandin E2: the master of endometriosis? Exp Biol Med 235:668–677. https://doi.org/10.1258/ebm.2010.009321
Xu H, Becker CM, Lui WT, Chu CY, Davis TN, Kung AL, Birsner AE, D’Amato RJ, Man GCW, Wang CC (2011) Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits angiogenesis and suppresses vascular endothelial growth factor C/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression and signaling in experimental endometriosis in vivo. Fertil Steril 96:1021–1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.07.008
Xu W, Song Y, Li K, Zhang B, Zhu X (2020) Quercetin inhibits adenomyosis by attenuating cell proliferation, migration and invasion of ectopic endometrial stromal cells. Drug Des Devel Ther 14:3815–3826. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S265066
Yadav PK, Tiwari M, Gupta A, Sharma A, Prasad S, Pandey AN, Chaube SK (2018) Germ cell depletion from mammalian ovary: possible involvement of apoptosis and autophagy. J Biomed Sci 25:36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12929-018-0438-0
Yalçın-Bahat P, Ayhan I, Üreyen-Özdemir E, İnceboz Ü, Oral E (2022) Dietary supplements for treatment of endometriosis: a review. Acta Biomed 93:e2022159. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v93i1.11237
Zhang Y, Cao H, Yu Z, Peng HY, Zhang CJ (2013) Curcumin inhibits endometriosis endometrial cells by reducing estradiol production. Iran J Reprod Med 11:415–422
Zheng W, Wu J, Gu J, Weng H, Wang J, Wang T, Liang X, Cao L (2020) Modular characteristics and mechanism of action of herbs for endometriosis treatment in Chinese medicine: a data mining and network pharmacology-based identification. Front Pharmacol 11:00147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00147
Zhou YX, Zhang H, Peng C (2014) Puerarin: a review of pharmacological effects. Phytother Res 28:961–975. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5083
Zondervan KT, Becker CM, Missmer SA (2020) Endometriosis. N Engl J Med 382:1244–1256. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1810764
Funding
This study was supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR: Grant No. 2021-15004) and by Institution of Eminence (IoE), Banaras Hindu University (Seed Grant).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SA and AS equally contributed to the design and draft of the manuscript; JC and VP contributed in the correction of the text; PKD and AT contributed to the conception and design of the research study. GT contributed to draw the chemical structure of phytochemicals. All authors revised and approved the final manuscript before submission.
Corresponding author
Additional information
The original online version of this article was revised: The graphical abstract was corrected.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ayesha, S., Sharma, A., Chauhan, J.K. et al. Intervention of Phytochemicals During Endometriosis and Their Conceivable Mechanisms. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 33, 1126–1140 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-023-00426-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-023-00426-2