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The toxic effects of spent crankcase oil exposures; systematic review and meta-analysis

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Abstract

The study sought to execute a systematic review and meta-analysis to describe the toxicological implications associated with exposures of humans and laboratory animals to Spent Crankcase Oil (SCO). Databases like PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PlosOne were searched systematically for all data that assessed the effects of SCO on humans and animals. For each parameter involved in the meta-analysis (those with extractable data), mean, standard deviation, the sample size was extracted for both exposure groups and control. This was then used to compute the standardized mean difference (SMD). Statistical analysis and forest plots were done with RevMan 5.3 software. Twenty-eight (28) studies fulfilled the pre-specified criteria for eligibility. Fourteen (14) of the studies were used for the meta-analysis, which included a total of 1243 subjects from different human epidemiological occupational exposure studies and animal experimental studies. The meta-analysis revealed that SCO exposure caused a significant reduction in the body weight of animals (n = 5, SMD; − 1.2; 95% CI; (− 1.78, − 0.67), p = 0.0001, I2 = 22%), and in the red blood cell count (n = 5, SMD; − 1.28; 95% CI; (− 2.18, − 0.38, p = 0.02); I2 = 78%) and haemoglobin (n = 4, SMD; − 1.12, 95% CI; (− 2.71, 0.46); p = 0.16; I2 = 89%) in animal models. While there was a significant elevation of the aspartate amino transferase (AST) (n = 6, SMD; 0.76; 95%CI; (0.41, 1.11), p = 0.0001, I2 = 89%), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (n = 5, SMD; 1.92; 95% CI; (0.02, 3.83), p = 0.05, I2 = 92%), and creatinine (n = 4, SMD = 1.56; 95% CI; (0.05, 3.07), p = 0.04, I2 = 90%) concentrations in comparison to the control. On the other hand, there was a non-significant effect on the alanine amino transferase (ALT) (n = 5, SMD; 1.13; 95% CI; (− 0.37, 2.62); p = 0.14; I2 = 92%), urea (n = 4, SMD; 1.23; 95% CI; (− 1.18, 3.65), p = 0.32, I2 = 94%), packed cell volume (PCV) (n = 5, SMD; 0.10; 95% CI; (− 0.36, 0.56), p = 0.67; I2 = 47%); and the haemoglobin (n = 6; SMD; − 0.74; 95% CI; (− 1.73, 0.26), p = 0.15; I2 = 89%) concentrations. Oxidative stress, heavy metals bioaccumulation, immunotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects were also in the list of findings. The toxicological implications associated with SCO exposure points to the need for immediate establishment of policies that regulate the disposal of spent crankcase oil in the environment.

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Abbreviations

Bap:

Benzo(a)pyrene

CAT:

Catalase

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

GSH:

Glutathione

HSCs:

Haematopoietic stem cells

Hb:

Haemoglobin

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MCV:

Mean corpuscular volume

MCH:

Mean corpuscular haemoglobin

MCHC:

Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PLT:

Platelets

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RBC:

Red blood cells

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SCO:

Spent crankcase oil

WSF:

Water soluble fractions

WBC:

White blood cells

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

    Grace Eserophe Bekibele, Francis Chukwuma Anacletus & Kingsley Chukwuemeka Patrick-Iwuanyanwu

  2. Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

    Grace Eserophe Bekibele, Francis Chukwuma Anacletus & Kingsley Chukwuemeka Patrick-Iwuanyanwu

Authors
  1. Grace Eserophe Bekibele
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  2. Francis Chukwuma Anacletus
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  3. Kingsley Chukwuemeka Patrick-Iwuanyanwu
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Contributions

BG led the development of the search strategy, conducted the search, and participated in the data extraction, writing of the introduction, methods and discussion. AF participated in data extraction, led the writing of the discussion session, as well as the statistical analysis. PIK participated in data extraction, data synthesis and writing of the discussion session. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Grace Eserophe Bekibele.

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The authors declare that there was no conflict of interest in the execution of this research.

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Bekibele, G.E., Anacletus, F.C. & Patrick-Iwuanyanwu, K.C. The toxic effects of spent crankcase oil exposures; systematic review and meta-analysis. Toxicol Res. 38, 113–135 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-021-00093-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-021-00093-2

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