Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

General and specialized tyrosine metabolism pathways in plants

  • Review
  • Published:
aBIOTECH Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The tyrosine metabolism pathway serves as a starting point for the production of a variety of structurally diverse natural compounds in plants, such as tocopherols, plastoquinone, ubiquinone, betalains, salidroside, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, and so on. Among these, tyrosine-derived metabolites, tocopherols, plastoquinone, and ubiquinone are essential to plant survival. In addition, this pathway provides us essential micronutrients (e.g., vitamin E and ubiquinone) and medicine (e.g., morphine, salidroside, and salvianolic acid B). However, our knowledge of the plant tyrosine metabolism pathway remains rudimentary, and genes encoding the pathway enzymes have not been fully defined. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in the tyrosine metabolism pathway, key enzymes, and important tyrosine-derived metabolites in plants.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amesz J (1973) The function of plastoquinone in photosynthetic electron transport. Biochim Biophys Acta 301:35–51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Araji S, Grammer TA, Gertzen R, Anderson SD, Mikulic-Petkovsek M, Veberic R, Phu ML, Solar A, Leslie CA, Dandekar AM, Escobar MA (2014) Novel roles for the polyphenol oxidase enzyme in secondary metabolism and the regulation of cell death in walnut. Plant Physiol 164:1191–1203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bak S, Kahn RA, Nielsen HL, Moller BL, Halkier BA (1998) Cloning of three A-type cytochromes P450, CYP71E1, CYP98, and CYP99 from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench by a PCR approach and identification by expression in Escherichia coli of CYP71E1 as a multifunctional cytochrome P450 in the biosynthesis of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin. Plant Mol Biol 36:393–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barros J, Serrani-Yarce JC, Chen F, Baxter D, Venables BJ, Dixon RA (2016) Role of bifunctional ammonia-lyase in grass cell wall biosynthesis. Nat Plants. 2:16050

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beaudegnies R, Edmunds AJ, Fraser TE, Hall RG, Hawkes TR, Mitchell G, Schaetzer J, Wendeborn S, Wibley J (2009) Herbicidal 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitors—a review of the triketone chemistry story from a Syngenta perspective. Bioorg Med Chem 17:4134–4152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beaudoin-Eagan LD, Thorpe TA (1985) Tyrosine and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activities during shoot initiation in tobacco callus cultures. Plant Physiol 78:438–441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berner M, Krug D, Bihlmaier C, Vente A, Muller R, Bechthold A (2006) Genes and enzymes involved in caffeic acid biosynthesis in the actinomycete Saccharothrix espanaensis. J Bacteriol 188:2666–2673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Block A, Widhalm JR, Fatihi A, Cahoon RE, Wamboldt Y, Elowsky C, Mackenzie SA, Cahoon EB, Chapple C, Dudareva N, Basset GJ (2014) The origin and biosynthesis of the benzenoid moiety of ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q) in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 26:1938–1948

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bulgakov VP, Inyushkina YV, Fedoreyev SA (2012) Rosmarinic acid and its derivatives: biotechnology and applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 32:203–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cass CL, Peraldi A, Dowd PF, Mottiar Y, Santoro N, Karlen SD, Bukhman YV, Foster CE, Thrower N, Bruno LC, Moskvin OV, Johnson ET, Willhoit ME, Phutane M, Ralph J, Mansfield SD, Nicholson P, Sedbrook JC (2015) Effects of PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE (PAL) knockdown on cell wall composition, biomass digestibility, and biotic and abiotic stress responses in Brachypodium. J Exp Bot 66:4317–4335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cassels BK, Saez-Briones P (2018) Dark classics in chemical neuroscience: mescaline. ACS Chem Neurosci 9:2448–2458

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christou P, Barton KA (1989) Cytokinin antagonist activity of substituted phenethylamines in plant cell culture. Plant Physiol 89:564–568

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clausen M, Kannangara RM, Olsen CE, Blomstedt CK, Gleadow RM, Jorgensen K, Bak S, Motawie MS, Moller BL (2015) The bifurcation of the cyanogenic glucoside and glucosinolate biosynthetic pathways. Plant J 84:558–573

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenworth AM, Peralta-Yahya P (2017) Accelerating the semisynthesis of alkaloid-based drugs through metabolic engineering. Nat Chem Biol 13:249–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Facchini PJ, De Luca V (1994) Differential and tissue-specific expression of a gene family for tyrosine/dopa decarboxylase in opium poppy. J Biol Chem 269:26684–26690

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Facchini PJ, De Luca V (1995) Expression in Escherichia coli and partial characterization of two tyrosine/dopa decarboxylases from opium poppy. Phytochemistry 38:1119–1126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Facchini PJ, Huber-Allanach KL, Tari LW (2000) Plant aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylases: evolution, biochemistry, regulation, and metabolic engineering applications. Phytochemistry 54:121–138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Facchini PJ, Hagel J, Zulak KG (2002) Hydroxycinnamic acid amide metabolism: physiology and biochemistry. Can J Bot 80:577–589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falk J, Munne-Bosch S (2010) Tocochromanol functions in plants: antioxidation and beyond. J Exp Bot 61:1549–1566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fritsche S, Wang X, Jung C (2017) Recent advances in our understanding of tocopherol biosynthesis in plants: an overview of key genes, functions, and breeding of vitamin E improved crops. Antioxidants (Basel) 6:99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodstein DM, Shu S, Howson R, Neupane R, Hayes RD, Fazo J, Mitros T, Dirks W, Hellsten U, Putnam N, Rokhsar DS (2012) Phytozome: a comparative platform for green plant genomics. Nucleic Acids Res 40:D1178–1186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guindon S, Dufayard JF, Lefort V, Anisimova M, Hordijk W, Gascuel O (2010) New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst Biol 59:307–321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hatlestad GJ, Sunnadeniya RM, Akhavan NA, Gonzalez A, Goldman IL, McGrath JM, Lloyd AM (2012) The beet R locus encodes a new cytochrome P450 required for red betalain production. Nat Genet 44:816–820

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häusler E, Petersen M, Alfermann AW (1991) Hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase from cell suspension cultures of Coleus blumei Benth. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 46:371–376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horvath G, Wessjohann L, Bigirimana J, Jansen M, Guisez Y, Caubergs R, Horemans N (2006) Differential distribution of tocopherols and tocotrienols in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissues. Phytochemistry 67:1185–1195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones PR, Moller BL, Hoj PB (1999) The UDP-glucose: p-hydroxymandelonitrile-O-glucosyltransferase that catalyzes the last step in synthesis of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin in Sorghum bicolor. Isolation, cloning, heterologous expression, and substrate specificity. J Biol Chem 274:35483–35491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jun SY, Sattler SA, Cortez GS, Vermerris W, Sattler SE, Kang C (2018) Biochemical and structural analysis of substrate specificity of a Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase. Plant Physiol 176:1452–1468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn RA, Bak S, Svendsen I, Halkier BA, Moller BL (1997) Isolation and reconstitution of cytochrome P450ox and in vitro reconstitution of the entire biosynthetic pathway of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin from sorghum. Plant Physiol 115:1661–1670

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kang S, Kang K, Lee K, Back K (2007) Characterization of rice tryptophan decarboxylases and their direct involvement in serotonin biosynthesis in transgenic rice. Planta 227:263–272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilgore MB, Kutchan TM (2016) The Amaryllidaceae alkaloids: biosynthesis and methods for enzyme discovery. Phytochem Rev 15:317–337

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koch BM, Sibbesen O, Halkier BA, Svendsen I, Moller BL (1995) The primary sequence of cytochrome P450tyr, the multifunctional N-hydroxylase catalyzing the conversion of l-tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime in the biosynthesis of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Arch Biochem Biophys 323:177–186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kulma A, Szopa J (2007) Catecholamines are active compounds in plants. Plant Sci 172:433–440

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyndt JA, Meyer TE, Cusanovich MA, Van Beeumen JJ (2002) Characterization of a bacterial tyrosine ammonia lyase, a biosynthetic enzyme for the photoactive yellow protein. FEBS Lett 512:240–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laursen T, Borch J, Knudsen C, Bavishi K, Torta F, Martens HJ, Silvestro D, Hatzakis NS, Wenk MR, Dafforn TR, Olsen CE, Motawia MS, Hamberger B, Moller BL, Bassard JE (2016) Characterization of a dynamic metabolon producing the defense compound dhurrin in sorghum. Science 354:890–893

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee EJ, Facchini PJ (2011) Tyrosine aminotransferase contributes to benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy. Plant Physiol 157:1067–1078

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann T, Pollmann S (2009) Gene expression and characterization of a stress-induced tyrosine decarboxylase from Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 583:1895–1900

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liscombe DK, Macleod BP, Loukanina N, Nandi OI, Facchini PJ (2005) Evidence for the monophyletic evolution of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in angiosperms. Phytochemistry 66:1374–1393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu M, Lu S (2016) Plastoquinone and ubiquinone in plants: biosynthesis, physiological function and metabolic engineering. Front Plant Sci 7:1–18

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Liu Y, Huang P, Ma Y, Qing Z, Tang Q, Cao H, Cheng P, Zheng Y, Yuan Z, Zhou Y, Liu J, Tang Z, Zhuo Y, Zhang Y, Yu L, Huang J, Yang P, Peng Q, Zhang J, Jiang W, Zhang Z, Lin K, Ro DK, Chen X, Xiong X, Shang Y, Huang S, Zeng J (2017) The genome of medicinal plant Macleaya cordata provides new insights into benzylisoquinoline alkaloids metabolism. Mol Plant 10:975–989

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Louie GV, Bowman ME, Moffitt MC, Baiga TJ, Moore BS, Noel JP (2006) Structural determinants and modulation of substrate specificity in phenylalanine-tyrosine ammonia-lyases. Chem Biol 13:1327–1338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maeda H, Dudareva N (2012) The shikimate pathway and aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 63:73–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meiser J, Weindl D, Hiller K (2013) Complexity of dopamine metabolism. Cell Commun Signal 11:34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mene-Saffrane L (2017) Vitamin E biosynthesis and its regulation in plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 7:2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moran GR (2005) 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. Arch Biochem Biophys 433:117–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munné-Bosch S, Alegre L (2002) The function of tocopherols and tocotrienols in Plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 21:31–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ndikuryayo F, Moosavi B, Yang WC, Yang GF (2017) 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitors: from chemical biology to agrochemicals. J Agric Food Chem 65:8523–8537

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Negrel J, Javelle F, Paynot M (1993) Biochemical basis of resistance of tobacco callus tissue cultures to hydroxyphenylethylamines. Plant Physiol 103:329–334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen KA, Tattersall DB, Jones PR, Moller BL (2008) Metabolon formation in dhurrin biosynthesis. Phytochemistry 69:88–98

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nomura T, Kutchan TM (2010) Three new O-methyltransferases are sufficient for all O-methylation reactions of ipecac alkaloid biosynthesis in root culture of Psychotria ipecacuanha. J Biol Chem 285:7722–7738

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Norris SR, Barrette TR, DellaPenna D (1995) Genetic dissection of carotenoid synthesis in arabidopsis defines plastoquinone as an essential component of phytoene desaturation. Plant Cell 7:2139–2149

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Norris SR, Shen X, DellaPenna D (1998) Complementation of the Arabidopsis pds1 mutation with the gene encoding p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. Plant Physiol 117:1317–1323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Payet LA, Leroux M, Willison JC, Kihara A, Pelosi L, Pierrel F (2016) Mechanistic details of early steps in Coenzyme Q biosynthesis pathway in yeast. Cell Chem Biol 23:1241–1250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen M (2013) Rosmarinic acid: new aspects. Phytochem Rev 12:207–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen M, Alfermann AW (1988) Two new enzymes of rosmarinic acid biosynthesis from cell cultures of Coleus blumei: hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase and rosmarinic acid synthase. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 43:501–504

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen M, Simmonds MS (2003) Rosmarinic acid. Phytochemistry 62:121–125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen M, Abdullah Y, Benner J, Eberle D, Gehlen K, Hucherig S, Janiak V, Kim KH, Sander M, Weitzel C, Wolters S (2009) Evolution of rosmarinic acid biosynthesis. Phytochemistry 70:1663–1679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polturak G, Aharoni A (2018) “La Vie en Rose”: biosynthesis, sources, and applications of betalain pigments. Mol Plant 11:7–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polturak G, Breitel D, Grossman N, Sarrion-Perdigones A, Weithorn E, Pliner M, Orzaez D, Granell A, Rogachev I, Aharoni A (2016) Elucidation of the first committed step in betalain biosynthesis enables the heterologous engineering of betalain pigments in plants. New Phytol 210:269–283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pravst I, Zmitek K, Zmitek J (2010) Coenzyme Q10 contents in foods and fortification strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 50:269–280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riewe D, Koohi M, Lisec J, Pfeiffer M, Lippmann R, Schmeichel J, Willmitzer L, Altmann T (2012) A tyrosine aminotransferase involved in tocopherol synthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant J 71:850–859

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rinner U, Waser M (2016) Tyrosine alkaloids. In: Zografos AL (ed) From biosynthesis to total synthesis: strategies and tactics for natural products, pp 431–472

  • Rippert P, Scimemi C, Dubald M, Matringe M (2004) Engineering plant shikimate pathway for production of tocotrienol and improving herbicide resistance. Plant Physiol 134:92–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rosler J, Krekel F, Amrhein N, Schmid J (1997) Maize phenylalanine ammonia-lyase has tyrosine ammonia-lyase activity. Plant Physiol 113:175–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ru M, Wang K, Bai Z, Peng L, He S, Wang Y, Liang Z (2017) A tyrosine aminotransferase involved in rosmarinic acid biosynthesis in Prunella vulgaris L. Scientific Reports. 7:4892

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schenck CA, Maeda HA (2018) Tyrosine biosynthesis, metabolism, and catabolism in plants. Phytochemistry 149:82–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schenck CA, Chen S, Siehl DL, Maeda HA (2015) Non-plastidic, tyrosine-insensitive prephenate dehydrogenases from legumes. Nat Chem Biol 11:52–57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlager S, Drager B (2016) Exploiting plant alkaloids. Curr Opin Biotechnol 37:155–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shukla S, Dubey KK (2018) CoQ10 a super-vitamin: review on application and biosynthesis. 3 Biotech 8:249

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sibbesen O, Koch B, Halkier BA, Moller BL (1995) Cytochrome P-450TYR is a multifunctional heme-thiolate enzyme catalyzing the conversion of l-tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime in the biosynthesis of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. J Biol Chem 270:3506–3511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soubeyrand E, Johnson TS, Latimer S, Block A, Kim J, Colquhoun TA, Butelli E, Martin C, Wilson MA, Basset GJ (2018) The peroxidative cleavage of kaempferol contributes to the biosynthesis of the benzenoid moiety of ubiquinone in plants. Plant Cell 30:2910–2921

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stacey MG, Cahoon RE, Nguyen HT, Cui Y, Sato S, Nguyen CT, Phoka N, Clark KM, Liang Y, Forrester J, Batek J, Do PT, Sleper DA, Clemente TE, Cahoon EB, Stacey G (2016) Identification of homogentisate dioxygenase as a target for vitamin E biofortification in oilseeds. Plant Physiol 172:1506–1518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stefely JA, Kwiecien NW, Freiberger EC, Richards AL, Jochem A, Rush MJP, Ulbrich A, Robinson KP, Hutchins PD, Veling MT, Guo X, Kemmerer ZA, Connors KJ, Trujillo EA, Sokol J, Marx H, Westphall MS, Hebert AS, Pagliarini DJ, Coon JJ (2016) Mitochondrial protein functions elucidated by multi-omic mass spectrometry profiling. Nat Biotechnol 34:1191–1197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sunnadeniya R, Bean A, Brown M, Akhavan N, Hatlestad G, Gonzalez A, Symonds VV, Lloyd A (2016) Tyrosine hydroxylation in betalain pigment biosynthesis is performed by cytochrome P450 enzymes in beets (Beta vulgaris). PLoS One 11:1–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tattersall DB, Bak S, Jones PR, Olsen CE, Nielsen JK, Hansen ML, Hoj PB, Moller BL (2001) Resistance to an herbivore through engineered cyanogenic glucoside synthesis. Science 293:1826–1828

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG (1997) The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876–4882

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Torrens-Spence MP, Gillaspy G, Zhao B, Harich K, White RH, Li J (2012) Biochemical evaluation of a parsley tyrosine decarboxylase results in a novel 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde synthase enzyme. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 418:211–216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torrens-Spence MP, Liu P, Ding H, Harich K, Gillaspy G, Li J (2013) Biochemical evaluation of the decarboxylation and decarboxylation-deamination activities of plant aromatic amino acid decarboxylases. J Biol Chem 288:2376–2387

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torrens-Spence MP, Lazear M, von Guggenberg R, Ding H, Li J (2014) Investigation of a substrate-specifying residue within Papaver somniferum and Catharanthus roseus aromatic amino acid decarboxylases. Phytochemistry 106:37–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torrens-Spence MP, Pluskal T, Li FS, Carballo V, Weng JK (2018a) Complete pathway elucidation and heterologous reconstitution of rhodiola salidroside biosynthesis. Mol Plant 11:205–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torrens-Spence MP, Chiang Y-C, Smith T, Vicent MA, Wang Y, Weng J-K (2018b) Structural basis for independent origins of new catalytic machineries in plant AAAD proteins. bioRxiv 404970

  • Tran LT, Taylor JS, Constabel CP (2012) The polyphenol oxidase gene family in land plants: lineage-specific duplication and expansion. BMC Genom 13:395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Bel M, Diels T, Vancaester E, Kreft L, Botzki A, Van de Peer Y, Coppens F, Vandepoele K (2018) PLAZA 4.0: an integrative resource for functional, evolutionary and comparative plant genomics. Nucleic Acids Res 46:D1190–D1196

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang MM, Maeda HA (2018) Aromatic amino acid aminotransferases in plants. Phytochem Rev 17:131–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Toda K, Maeda HA (2016) Biochemical properties and subcellular localization of tyrosine aminotransferases in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytochemistry 132:16–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Toda K, Block A, Maeda HA (2019) TAT1 and TAT2 tyrosine aminotransferases have both distinct and shared functions in tyrosine metabolism and degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 294:3563–3576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Watts KT, Mijts BN, Lee PC, Manning AJ, Schmidt-Dannert C (2006) Discovery of a substrate selectivity switch in tyrosine ammonia-lyase, a member of the aromatic amino acid lyase family. Chem Biol 13:1317–1326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiegrebe W, Kramer WJ, Shamma M (1984) The emetine alkaloids. J Nat Prod 47:397–408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu YB, Ni ZY, Shi QW, Dong M, Kiyota H, Gu YC, Cong B (2012) Constituents from Salvia species and their biological activities. Chem Rev 112:5967–6026

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu JJ, Fang X, Li CY, Zhao Q, Martin C, Chen XY, Yang L (2018) Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductases in the tyrosine conversion pathway. Front Plant Sci 9:1305

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C, Cahoon RE, Hunter SC, Chen M, Han J, Cahoon EB (2013) Genetic and biochemical basis for alternative routes of tocotrienol biosynthesis for enhanced vitamin E antioxidant production. Plant J 73:628–639

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This project was supported by the Special Fund for Shanghai Landscaping Administration Bureau Program (Grant nos. G192416 and G192419).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, People’s Republic of China

    Jing-Jing Xu, Lei Yang & Xiao-Ya Chen

  2. State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China

    Chen-Yi Li & Xiao-Ya Chen

  3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China

    Chen-Yi Li

  4. State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China

    Xin Fang

Authors
  1. Jing-Jing Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xin Fang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chen-Yi Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lei Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xiao-Ya Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiao-Ya Chen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Xu, JJ., Fang, X., Li, CY. et al. General and specialized tyrosine metabolism pathways in plants. aBIOTECH 1, 97–105 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42994-019-00006-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42994-019-00006-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation