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Fluid-driven artificial muscles: bio-design, manufacturing, sensing, control, and applications

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Abstract

Developing artificial muscles that can replace biological muscles to accomplish various tasks is what we have long been aiming for. Recent advances in flexible materials and 3D printing technology greatly promote the development of artificial muscle technology. A variety of flexible material-based artificial muscles that are driven by different external stimuli, including pressure, voltage, light, magnetism, temperature, etc., have been developed. Among these, fluid-driven artificial muscles (FAMs), which can convert the power of fluid (gas or liquid) into the force output and displacement of flexible materials, are the most widely used actuation methods for industrial robots, medical instruments, and human-assisted devices due to their simplicity, excellent safety, large actuation force, high energy efficiency, and low cost. Herein, the bio-design, manufacturing, sensing, control, and applications of FAMs are introduced, including conventional pneumatic/hydraulic artificial muscles and several innovative artificial muscles driven by functional fluids. What’s more, the challenges and future directions of FAMs are discussed.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFB2000903), National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Numbers 51875507 and 51890885, Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Electronic Equipment Structure Design in Xidian University (EESD1905), applied by Author Yangqiao Lin, which support the research, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and Director's Fund of State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems.

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  1. Chao Zhang and Pingan Zhu have contributed equally to this work.

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China

    Chao Zhang, Pingan Zhu, Yangqiao Lin, Wei Tang, Zhongdong Jiao, Huayong Yang & Jun Zou

  2. Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China

    Jun Zou

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and literature collection were performed by PAZ. The first draft of the manuscript was written by CZ and PAZ. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Zhang, C., Zhu, P., Lin, Y. et al. Fluid-driven artificial muscles: bio-design, manufacturing, sensing, control, and applications. Bio-des. Manuf. 4, 123–145 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42242-020-00099-z

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