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Addressing Transport Issues in Non-Aqueous Li–air Batteries to Achieving High Electrochemical Performance

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Abstract

Li–air batteries are a promising type of energy storage technology because of the ultra-high theoretical specific energy. Great advances are made in recent years, including the illustration of reaction mechanisms, development of effective catalyst materials, and design of battery structures accelerating species transport. However, the application still suffers from low rate capability, poor round-trip efficiency, and unsatisfactory cycling life. Herein, we mainly focus on the species transport issues of non-aqueous Li–air batteries, including Li+ across the solid surfaces and the electrolyte, O2 solubility and diffusivity, distribution of intermediates and products, and side reactions by other components from the air. Besides, considerable emphasis is paid to expound the approaches for enhancing species transport and accelerating reactions, among which the realization of well-designed electrode structures and flowing electrolytes is of great significance for the rapid migration of O2 and Li+ and mitigating the negative effects by solid insoluble Li2O2. Moreover, optimizing reaction interfaces and operating conditions is an attractive alternative to promote reaction rates. This work aims to identify the mechanism of transport issues and corresponding challenges and perspectives, guiding the structure design and material selection to achieve high-performance Li–air batteries.

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Abbreviations

AAO:

Anodic aluminum oxide

AN:

Acceptor number

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

DBBQ:

2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone

DFT:

Density functional theory

DMA:

N,N-dimethylacetamide

DME:

1,2-Dimethoxyethane

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

DN:

Donor number

EtV2+ :

Ethyl viologen

EIS:

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

G4:

Tetraglyme

IL:

Ionic liquid

LATP:

Lithium aluminum titanium phosphate

LIB:

Lithium-ion battery

LiFSI:

Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide

LiTf:

Lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate

LiTFSI:

Lithium bis-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

OER:

Oxygen evolution reaction

ORR:

Oxygen reduction reaction

OSM:

Oxygen-selective membrane

PFC:

Perfluorocarbon

PTFE:

Polytetrafluoroethylen

RM:

Redox mediator

SEI:

Solid-electrolyte interface

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SERS:

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

TE4:

1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-Nonafluoro-6-propoxyhexane

TEGDME:

Traethylene glycol dimethyl ether

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TEMPO:

2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl

TTF:

Tetrathiafulvalene

TTM:

Tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl

UV:

Ultraviolet

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

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Acknowledgements

P. Tan thanks the funding support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (52006208), CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program (KJ2090130001), USTC Startup Program (KY2090000044), and USTC Tang Scholar (KY2090000065). X.B. Zhu thanks the financial support of Natural Science Foundation of China (21673063) and Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (B2017005).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China

    Zhuojun Zhang, Xu Xiao & Peng Tan

  2. School of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, Heilongjiang, China

    Xingbao Zhu

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  1. Zhuojun Zhang
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  2. Xu Xiao
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  4. Peng Tan
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Zhuojun Zhang contributed to conceptualization, investigation, methodology, and writing—original draft. Xu Xiao contributed to investigation, and methodology. Xingbao Zhu contributed to writing—review & editing, and supervision. Peng Tan contributed to conceptualization, writing—review & editing, supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition.

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Zhang, Z., Xiao, X., Zhu, X. et al. Addressing Transport Issues in Non-Aqueous Li–air Batteries to Achieving High Electrochemical Performance. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 6, 18 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-022-00157-3

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