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Recent Progress in Surface Coatings for Sodium-Ion Battery Electrode Materials

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Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are an emerging technology regarded as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), particularly for stationary energy storage. However, due to complications associated with the large size of the Na+ charge carrier, the cycling stability and rate performance of SIBs are generally inadequate for commercial applications. Due to their similar chemistry and operating mechanism to LIBs, many improvement strategies derived from extensive LIB research are directly translatable to SIBs. In addition to doping and tailoring of the particle morphology, applying coatings is a promising approach to improve the performance of existing electrode materials. Coatings can mitigate side reactions at the electrode–electrolyte interface, restrict active material dissolution, provide reinforcement against particle degradation, and/or enhance electrode kinetics. This review provides a comprehensive overview and comparison of coatings applied to SIB intercalation cathodes and anodes. Coatings are categorized based on their mechanism of action and deposition method. Key classes of SIB electrode materials are introduced, and promising coating strategies to improve the performance of each material are then discussed. These insights can help guide rational design of high-performance SIB electrodes.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Copyright 2017, Wiley

Fig. 4

Copyright 2020, Wiley. D P2-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3O2 particle with intragranular cracks after 100 cycles (0.05 C, 2.0–4.5 V vs. Na/Na+). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [70]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. E Schematic of intragranular crack formation induced by P2-O2 phase separation. Cracking is depicted as initiating at the surface and extending into the bulk

Fig. 5

Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society

Fig. 6

Copyright 2019, Elsevier. E Comparison of the cycling performance (2–4.5 V vs. Na/Na+) between pristine and 5 wt% AlPO4-coated P2-Na0.7Mn2.05. F Mn 2p XPS spectra showing increased valency of Mn due to doping from the AlPO4 coating. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [108]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. G Cycling (2.0–4.5 V vs. Na/Na+, 1 C) and rate performance comparison of Al2O3-coated (Al-NMM) and alucone-coated (Alu-NMM) P2-Na2/3Mn0.9Mg0.1O2. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [109]. Copyright 2020, Wiley

Fig. 7

Copyright 2016, Elsevier

Fig. 8

Copyright 2015, Nature Publishing Group. G Scanning TEM cross-sectional (left) and SEM (right) images of RAHC O3-NaNi0.65Mn0.27Co0.08O2. Red arrows indicate interparticle cracks. H Comparative images of AlF3-coated RAHC O3-NaNi0.65Mn0.27Co0.08O2. Red arrows indicate the AlF3 coating. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [22]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society

Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry. C Rate performance comparison of N-doped carbon-coated Na3V2(PO4)3. D Cycling performance comparison at 20 C. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [180]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier

Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. C Synthesis schematic and D SEM image of carbon-coated particles coupled with CNFs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [207]. Copyright 2015, Wiley. E Synthesis schematic and F SEM image of a porous composite composed of nanoparticles embedded on rGO sheets. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [189]. Copyright 2015, Wiley. G SEM image of CNFs assembled by electrospinning. H TEM image depicting Na3V2(PO4)3 nanoparticles assembled as carbon-encapsulated nanofibers. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [208]. Copyright 2014, Wiley. I SEM image of hollow microspheres assembled via ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [194]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier

Fig. 13

Copyright 2018, Wiley. D Lattice structure and orientation, E TEM image, and F high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM) image of Na3V2O2(PO4)2F nanocuboid particles. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [219]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier

Fig. 14

Copyright 2019, Wiley. B Synthesis schematic and C rate performance of PEDOT-coated Na2FePO4F nanoparticles. D Rate performance comparison with pristine Na2FePO4F. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [255]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier

Fig. 15

Copyright 2016, Wiley. B Size tuning of TiO2 nanospheroids synthesized by a solvothermal method based on the amount of PVA added. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [332]. Copyright 2016, Wiley. C Schematic depicting the growth of TiO2 nanoparticles on the surface of CNTs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [325]. Copyright 2020, Wiley

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this work from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the University of Waterloo. Tyler Or was supported through NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships—Doctoral Program and the Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN) Nanofellowships.

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada

    Tyler Or, Storm W. D. Gourley, Karthikeyan Kaliyappan, Yun Zheng, Matthew Li & Zhongwei Chen

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Or, T., Gourley, S.W.D., Kaliyappan, K. et al. Recent Progress in Surface Coatings for Sodium-Ion Battery Electrode Materials. Electrochem. Energy Rev. 5 (Suppl 1), 20 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-022-00137-7

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