Abstract
Pr3+-ion doped YF3, LaF3, and GdF3 nanoparticles (NPs) were chemically prepared at a lower temperature (80 °C) to investigate the comparative physiochemical characteristics. X-ray diffraction profile of the nanoproducts exhibited the orthorhombic phase in YF3:Pr and GdF3:Pr NPs, whereas hexagonal structure was found in LaF3:Pr NPs with an estimated crystalline size 12, 23, and 15 nm, respectively. The unit cell constants for YF3:Pr (a = 6.340 Å, b = 7.269 Å, c = 4.317 Å, and unit cell volume = 198.97 (Å)3), LaF3:Pr (a = b = 7.171 Å, and c = 7.388 Å, and unit cell volume = 329.092 (Å)3) and GdF3:Pr (a = 6.465 Å, b = 7.008 Å, and c = 4.528 Å, and unit cell volume = 205.225 (Å)3) were considered to examine the influence of the dopant ions and the host ion’s ionic radius on the crystal phase, and crystallinity. An orthorhombic phase GdF3:Pr NP sample revealed better thermal stability in comparison to the hexagonal phase LaF3:Pr NPs as received in the thermogravimetric outcomes. FTIR spectra exhibited the surface-fastened water molecules which promote the development of colloidal solution in aqueous solvents under the environmental conditions as achieved in absorption spectral analysis. Band gap energy was calculated from the UV/visible spectra to examine the optical behavior of the optically active NPs. The excitation and emission spectrums demonstrated the sharp excitation and emission transitions of the doped Pr3+ ion under excitation from the blue region. Comparatively, the emission and excitation transitions of the YF3:Pr NPs were dominant with respect to the orthorhombic GdF3:Pr and hexagonal LaF3:Pr NPs. YF3:Pr NPs are a useful host matrix for the loading of the activator Pr3+-ion for their use in luminescent phosphor material development.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data will be made available on reasonable request.
References
Ansari, A.A., Muthumareeswaran, M.R., Lv, R.: Coordination chemistry of the host matrices with dopant luminescent Ln3+ ion and their impact on luminescent properties. Coord Chem Rev 466, 214584 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214584
Ansari, A.A., Parchur, A.K., Labis, J.P., Shar, M.A., Khan, A.: Highly hydrophilic CaF2:Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticles: structural, morphological, and optical properties. J. Fluor. Chem. 247 (2021).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109820
Ansari, A.A., Aldalbahi, A.K., Labis, J.P., Manthrammel, M.A.: Impact of surface coating on physical properties of europium-doped gadolinium fluoride microspheres. J. Fluorine Chem. 199, 7–13 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.03.015
Zheng, B., Fan, J., Chen, B., Qin, X., Wang, J., Wang, F., Deng, R., Liu, X.: Rare-earth doping in nanostructured inorganic materials. Chem. Rev. 122(6), 5519–5603 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00644
Lecointre, A., Bessiere, A., Bos, A.J.J., Dorenbos, P., Viana, B., Jacquart, S.: Designing a red persistent luminescence phosphor: the example of YPO4:Pr3+, Ln(3+) (Ln = Nd, Er, Ho, Dy). J. Phys. Chem. C 115(10), 4217–4227 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp108038v
Kahouadji, B., Guerbous, L., Boukerika, A., Dolic, S.D., Jovanovic, D.J., Dramicanin, M.D.: Intra- and inter-configurational luminescence spectroscopy of Pr3+-doped YPO4 nanophosphors. Curr. Appl. Phys. 18(4), 437–446 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2018.01.012
Pelle, F., Dhaouadi, M., Michely, L., Aschehoug, P., Toncelli, A., Veronesi, S., Tonelli, M.: Spectroscopic properties and upconversion in Pr3+:YF3 nanoparticles. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13(39), 17453–17460 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp20725c
Tao, F., Pan, F., Wang, Z., Cai, W., Yao, L.: Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of hexagonal Lanthanide(iii)-doped NaYF4 microprisms. CrystEngComm 12(12), 4263–4267 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CE00033G
Peng, C., Li, C.X., Li, G.G., Li, S.W., Lin, J.: YF3:Ln(3+) (Ln = Ce, Tb, Pr) submicrospindles: hydrothermal synthesis and luminescence properties. Dalton Trans. 41(28), 8660–8668 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2dt30325f
Runowski, M., Woźny, P., Martín, I.R., Lavín, V., Lis, S.: Praseodymium doped YF3:Pr3+ nanoparticles as optical thermometer based on luminescence intensity ratio (LIR) – studies in visible and NIR range. J. Lumin. 214, 116571 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2019.116571
Liu, T.C., Cheng, B.M., Hu, S.F., Liu, R.S.: Highly stable red oxynitride beta-SiAlON:Pr3+ phosphor for light-emitting diodes. Chem. Mater. 23(16), 3698–3705 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm201289s
Gusowski, M.A., Swart, H.C., Karlsson, L.S., Trzebiatowska-Gusowska, M.: NaYF4:Pr3+ nanocrystals displaying photon cascade emission. Nanoscale 4(2), 541–546 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c1nr11249j
Zhu, W.J., Chen, D.Q., Lei, L., Xu, J., Wang, Y.S.: An active-core/active-shell structure with enhanced quantum-cutting luminescence in Pr-Yb co-doped monodisperse nanoparticles. Nanoscale 6(18), 10500–10504 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4nr02785j
Broxtermann, M., den Engelsen, D., Fern, G.R., Harris, P., Ireland, T.G., Justel, T., Silver, J.: Cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence of YPO4:Pr3+, Y2SiO5:Pr3+, YBO3: Pr3+, and YPO4:Bi3+. Ecs J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 6(4), R47–R52 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0051704jss
Zhang, Z.J., ten Kate, O.M., Delsing, A., van der Kolk, E., Notten, P.H.L., Dorenbos, P., Zhao, J.T., Hintzen, H.T.: Photoluminescence properties and energy level locations of RE3+ (RE = Pr, Sm, Tb, Tb/Ce) in CaAlSiN3 phosphors. J. Mater. Chem. 22(19), 9813–9820 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm30220a
Li, C.X., Yang, J., Yang, P.P., Lian, H.Z., Lin, J.: Hydrothermal synthesis of lanthanide fluorides LnF(3) (Ln = La to Lu) nano-/microcrystals with multiform structures and morphologies. Chem. Mater. 20(13), 4317–4326 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm800279h
Zhao, S., Shao, B., Feng, Y., Yuan, S., Huo, J., Lu, W., Liu, K., You, H.: Facile synthesis of lanthanide (Ce, Eu, Tb, Ce/Tb, Yb/Er, Yb/Ho, and Yb/Tm)-doped LnF3 and LnOF porous sub-microspheres with multicolor emissions. Chem. Asian J. 12(23), 3046–3052 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201701142
Suo, H., Zhao, X., Zhang, Z., Li, T., Goldys, E.M., Guo, C.: Constructing multiform morphologies of YF: Er3+/Yb3+ up-conversion nano/micro-crystals towards sub-tissue thermometry. Chem. Eng. J. 313, 65–73 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.12.064
Bovero, E., van Veggel, F.C.J.M.: Conformational characterization of Eu3+-doped LaF3 core-shell nanoparticles through luminescence anisotropy studies. J. Phys. Chem. C 111(12), 4529–4534 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0677849
Mangaiyarkarasi, R., Chinnathambi, S., Aruna, P., Ganesan, S.: Synthesis and formulation of methotrexate (MTX) conjugated LaF3:Tb3(+)/chitosan nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery applications. Biomed. Pharmacother. 69, 170–178 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2014.11.023
Huang, X.Y.: Enhancement of near-infrared to near-infrared upconversion luminescence in sub-10-nm ultra-small LaF3:Yb3+/Tm3+ nanoparticles through lanthanide doping. Opt. Lett. 40(22), 5231–5234 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/Ol.40.005231
Evanics, F., Diamente, P.R., van Veggel, F.C.J.M., Stanisz, G.J., Prosser, R.S.: Water-soluble GdF3 and GdF3/LaF3 nanoparticles-physical characterization and NMR relaxation properties. Chem. Mater. 18(10), 2499–2505 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm052299w
Grzyb, T., Lis, S.: Photoluminescent properties of LaF3:Eu3+ and GdF3:Eu3+ nanoparticles prepared by co-precipitation method. J Rare Earth 27(4), 588–592 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(08)60294-X
Yin, W.Y., Zhao, L.N., Zhou, L.J., Gu, Z.J., Liu, X.X., Tian, G., Jin, S., Yan, L., Ren, W.L., Xing, G.M., Zhao, Y.L.: Enhanced red emission from GdF3:Yb3+, Er3+ upconversion nanocrystals by Li+ doping and their application for bioimaging. Chem-Eur J 18(30), 9239–9245 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201201053
Ansari, A.A., Parchur, A.K., Nazeeruddin, M.K., Tavakoli, M.M.: Luminescent lanthanide nanocomposites in thermometry: chemistry of dopant ions and host matrices. Coord. Chem. Rev. 444, 214040 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214040
Li, C.X., Ma, P.A., Yang, P.P., Xu, Z.H., Li, G.G., Yang, D.M., Peng, C., Lin, J.: Fine structural and morphological control of rare earth fluorides REF3 (RE = La-Lu, Y) nano/microcrystals: microwave-assisted ionic liquid synthesis, magnetic and luminescent properties. CrystEngComm 13(3), 1003–1013 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1039/c0ce00186d
Grzyb, T., Runowski, M., Szczeszak, A., Lis, S.: Influence of matrix on the luminescent and structural properties of glycerine-capped, Tb3+-doped fluoride nanocrystals. J. Phys. Chem. C 116(32), 17188–17196 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp3010579
Li, G.Y., Ni, Y.H., Hong, J.M., Liao, K.M.: Controllable synthesis of polyhedral YF3 microcrystals via a potassium sodium tartrate-assisted hydrothermal route. CrystEngComm 10(11), 1681–1686 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1039/b808933g
Li, D., Ding, C.R., Song, G., Lu, S.Z., Zhang, Z., Shi, Y.U., Shen, H., Zhang, Y.L., Ouyang, H.Q., Wang, H.: Controlling the morphology of erbium-doped yttrium fluoride using acids as surface modifiers: employing adsorbed chlorine ions to inhibit the quenching of upconversion fluorescence. J. Phys. Chem. C 114(49), 21378–21384 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp1032564
Lei, F.Y., Zou, X., Jiang, N., Zheng, Q.J., Lam, K.H., Luo, L.L., Ning, Z.L., Lin, D.M.: Regulated morphology/phase structure and enhanced fluorescence in YF3:Eu3+, Bi3+ via a facile method. CrystEngComm 17(32), 6207–6218 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ce01049g
Wang, S., Deng, R.P., Guo, H.L., Song, S.Y., Cao, F., Li, X.Y., Su, S.Q., Zhang, H.J.: Lanthanide doped Y6O5F8/YF3 microcrystals: phase-tunable synthesis and bright white upconversion photoluminescence properties. Dalton Trans. 39(38), 9153–9158 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/c0dt00446d
Chen, G.Y., Qiu, H.L., Fan, R.W., Hao, S.W., Tan, S., Yang, C.H., Han, G.: Lanthanide-doped ultrasmall yttrium fluoride nanoparticles with enhanced multicolor upconversion photoluminescence. J. Mater. Chem. 22(38), 20190–20196 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm32298f
Wang, F., Zhang, Y., Fan, X.P., Wang, M.Q.: One-pot synthesis of chitosan/LaF3: Eu3+ nanocrystals for bio-applications. Nanotechnology 17(5), 1527–1532 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/5/060
Wang, F., Zhang, Y., Fan, X.P., Wang, M.Q.: Facile synthesis of water-soluble LaF3: Ln(3+) nanocrystals. J. Mater. Chem. 16(11), 1031–1034 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1039/b518262j
Zhang, Y., Lu, M.H.: Labelling of silica microspheres with fluorescent lanthanide-doped LaF3 nanocrystals. Nanotechnology 18(27) (2007) https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/18/27/275603
Syamchand, S.S., George, S.: The upconversion luminescence and magnetism in Yb3+/Ho3+ co-doped LaF3 nanocrystals for potential bimodal imaging. J. Nanopart. Res. 18(12) (2016) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-016-3699-0
Mangaiyarkarasi, R., Chinnathambi, S., Aruna, P., Ganesan, S.: Synthesis of 5-fluorouracil conjugated LaF3:Tb3+/PEG-COOH nanoparticles and its studies on the interaction with bovine serum albumin: spectroscopic approach. J. Nanopart. Res. 17(3) (2015) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-015-2948-y
Zhao, Q., Lu, W., Guo, N., Jia, Y.C., Lv, W.Z., Shao, B.Q., Jiao, M.M., You, H.P.: Inorganic-salt-induced morphological transformation and luminescent performance of GdF3 nanostructures. Dalton Trans. 42(19), 6902–6908 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3dt33106g
Tian, Y., Yang, H.Y., Li, K., Jin, X.: Monodispersed ultrathin GdF3 nanowires: oriented attachment, luminescence, and relaxivity for MRI contrast agents. J. Mater. Chem. 22(42), 22510–22516 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm34987f
Liu, Y.F., Chen, W., Wang, S.P., Joly, A.G., Westcott, S., Woo, B.K.: X-ray luminescence of LaF(3): Tb(3+) and LaF(3): Ce(3+), Tb(3+) water-soluble nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 103(6) (2008) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2890148
Xu, Z.H., Guo, Y., Liu, T., Wang, L.M., Bian, S.S., Lin, J.: General and facile method to fabricate uniform Y2O3:Ln(3+) (Ln(3+) = Eu-3+, Eu- Tb3+) hollow microspheres using polystyrene spheres as templates. J. Mater. Chem. 22(40), 21695–21703 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm34868c
Ansari, A.A., Parchur, A.K., Alam, M., Azzeer, A.: Effect of surface coating on optical properties of Eu3+-doped CaMoO4 nanoparticles. Spectrochim Acta A 131, 30–36 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.036
Kang, J.-G., Jung, Y., Min, B.-K., Sohn, Y.: Full characterization of Eu(OH)3 and Eu2O3 nanorods. Appl. Surf. Sci. 314, 158–165 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.06.165
Kang, J.G., Min, B.K., Sohn, Y.: Physicochemical properties of praseodymium hydroxide and oxide nanorods. J. Alloy. Compd. 619, 165–171 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.09.059
Zhang, X., Yang, P.A.P., Wang, D., Xu, J., Li, C.X., Gai, S.L., Lin, J.: La(OH)(3):Ln(3+) and La2O3:Ln(3+) (Ln = Yb/Er, Yb/Tm, Yb/Ho) Microrods: synthesis and up-conversion luminescence properties. Cryst. Growth Des. 12(1), 306–312 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/cg201091u
Ansari, A.A., Parchur, A.K., Alam, M., Azzeer, A.: Structural and photoluminescence properties of Tb-doped CaMoO4 nanoparticles with sequential surface coatings. Mater. Chem. Phys. 147(3), 715–721 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.06.011
Aldalbahi, A., Rahaman, M., Ansari, A.A.: Mesoporous silica modified luminescent Gd2O3: Eu nanoparticles: physicochemical and luminescence properties. J. Sol-Gel. Sci. Technol. 89(3), 785–795 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-018-4897-2
Ansari, A.A., Khan, A., Labis, J.P., Alam, M., Aslam Manthrammel, M., Ahamed, M., Akhtar, M.J., Aldalbahi, A., Ghaithan, H.: Mesoporous multi-silica layer-coated Y2O3: Eu core-shell nanoparticles: synthesis, luminescent properties and cytotoxicity evaluation. Mater. Sci. Eng., C 96, 365–373 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.046
Ansari, A.A., Khan, A., Siddiqui, M.A., Ahmad, N., Al-Khedhairy, A.A.: Toxicity response of highly colloidal, bioactive, monodisperse SiO2@Pr (OH)(3) hollow microspheres. Colloid Surf. B 182 (2019)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110390
Ansari, A.A., Parchur, A.K., Alam, M., Labis, J., Azzeer, A.: Influence of surface coating on structural and photoluminescent properties of CaMoO4: Pr nanoparticles. J. Fluoresc. 24(4), 1253–1262 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-014-1409-9
Grzyb, T., Runowski, M., Dabrowska, K., Giersig, M., Lis, S.: Structural, spectroscopic and cytotoxicity studies of TbF3@CeF3 and TbF3@CeF3@SiO2 nanocrystals. J. Nanopart. Res. 15(10) (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/S11051-013-1958-X
Grzyb, T., Runowski, M., Szczeszak, A., Lis, S.: Structural, morphological and spectroscopic properties of Eu3+-doped rare earth fluorides synthesized by the hydrothermal method. J. Solid State Chem. 200, 76–83 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2013.01.012
Janssens, S., Williams, G.V.M., Clarke, D.: Systematic study of sensitized LaF3:Eu3+ nanoparticles. J. Appl. Phys. 109(2), 023506 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3531994
Tauc, J., Menth, A.: States in the gap. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 8–10, 569–585 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(72)90194-9
Ansari, A.A., Singh, S.P., Malhotra, B.D.: Optical and structural properties of nanostructured CeO2:Tb3+ film. J. Alloy. Compd. 509(2), 262–265 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.07.009
Ansari, A.A., Yadav, R., Rai, S.B.: Enhanced luminescence efficiency of aqueous dispersible NaYF4:Yb/Er nanoparticles and the effect of surface coating. RSC Adv. 6(26), 22074–22082 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra00265j
Parchur, A.K., Prasad, A.I., Ansari, A.A., Rai, S.B., Ningthoujam, R.S.: Luminescence properties of Tb3+-doped CaMoO4 nanoparticles: annealing effect, polar medium dispersible, polymer film and core-shell formation. Dalton Trans. 41(36), 11032–11045 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2dt31257c
Ansari, A.A., Alam, M., Parchur, A.K.: Nd-doped calcium molybdate core and particles: synthesis, optical and photoluminescence studies. Appl. Phys. a-Materials Sci. Process. 116(4), 1719–1728 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8308-4
Zhang, Z.J., ten Kate, O.M., Delsing, A., Dorenbos, P., Zhao, J.T., Hintzen, H.T.: Photoluminescence properties of Pr3+, Sm3+ and Tb3+ doped SrAlSi4N7 and energy level locations of rare-earth ions in SrAlSi4N7. J. Mater. Chem. C 2(37), 7952–7959 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1039/c4tc00538d
Vidyadharan, V., Mani, K.P., Sajna, M.S., Joseph, C., Unnikrishnan, N.V., Biju, P.R.: Synthesis and luminescence characterization of Pr3+ doped Sr1.5Ca0.5SiO4 phosphor. Spectrochimica Acta Part a-Molecular Biomol. Spectrosc. 133, 767–772 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.016
Sreeja, E., Vidyadharan, V., Jose, S.K., George, A., Joseph, C., Unnikrishnan, N.V., Biju, P.R.: A single-phase white light emitting Pr3+ doped Ba2CaWO6 phosphor: synthesis, photoluminescence and optical properties. Opt. Mater. 78, 52–62 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2018.02.003
Acknowledgements
The author thanks the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R365), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Anees A. Ansari: conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing — original draft, writing — review and editing, visualization, supervision, funding acquisition, project administration, and resources. M. A. Majeed Khan: methodology, investigation, validation, data curation, and writing — review and editing. Sadia Ameen: validation and data curation.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ansari, A.A., Khan, M.A.M. & Ameen, S. Pr3+-doped YF3, LaF3, and GdF3 nanoparticles: comparative crystallographic, Raman, optical, and photoluminescence properties. J Aust Ceram Soc 60, 153–162 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-023-00965-w
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-023-00965-w