Abstract
The adoption of source-classified collection of municipal solid waste (MSW) systems has improved waste management and resource conservation in developing countries, including China. Here, we evaluated the effects of a new MSW source-classified collection system on the distribution and leaching of heavy metals in incineration residues as well as on the pozzolanic properties of residues used as additives in cement production. Cu, Cr, and Mn were found primarily in bottom ash, while the volatile metals Zn, Pb, and Cd became enriched primarily in fly ash during combustion. However, effective presorting of MSW prior to incineration reduced the heavy metal content of the MSW source material and increased the combustion efficiency and heat values of MSW. The system of source-classified collection of MSW resulted in decreased concentrations of heavy metals in bottom ash, as well as decreased leachate toxicity, which improved the viability of bottom ash for use as a non-hazardous raw material in cement production. The consistently high temperatures sustained during incineration of source-classified MSW increased the concentrations and leachate toxicity of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cr in fly ash. Pozzolanic activity testing revealed that bottom ash may be used as a pozzolanic material in cement production, but that fly ash is not suitable. In contrast to bottom ash from the incineration of mixed MSW, bottom ash from the incineration of source-classified MSW fully satisfies China’s “Pozzolanic materials used for cement production” standards due to its low loss on ignition, high grindability, and the desired rupture strength, compressive strength, and stability that it adds to mortar mixtures.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abanades S, Flamant G, Gagnepain B, Gauthier D (2002) Fate of heavy metals during municipal solid waste incineration. Waste Manag Res 20(1):55–68
Akyıldız A, Köse ET, Yıldız A (2017) Compressive strength and heavy metal leaching of concrete containing medical waste incineration ash. Constr Build Mater 138:326–332
Albayrak AT, Yasar M, Gurkaynak MA, Gurgey I (2005) Investigation of the effects of fatty acids on the compressive strength of the concrete and the grindability of the cement. Cem Concr Res 35(2):400–404
Bie RS, Li SY, Wang H (2007) Characterization of PCDD/Fs and heavy metals from MSW incineration plant in Harbin. Waste Manag 27(12):1860–1869
Chang FY, Wey MY (2006) Comparison of the characteristics and bottom and fly ashes generated from various incineration processes. J Hazard Mater 138(3):594–603
Chang YH, Chen WC, Chang NB (1998) Comparative evaluation of RDF and MSW incineration. J Hazard Mater 58(1–3):33–45
Chimenos JM, Segarra M, Fernández MA, Espiell F (1999) Characterization of the bottom ash in municipal solid waste incinerator. J Hazard Mater 64(3):211–222
Ferraris M, Salvo M, Ventrella A, Buzzi L, Veglia M (2009) Use of vitrified MSWI bottom ashes for concrete production. Waste Manag 29(3):1041–1047
Filipponi P, Polettini A, Pomi R, Sirini P (2003) Physical and mechanical properties of cement-based products containing incineration bottom ash. Waste Manag 23(2):145–156
Firouzbakht S, Gitipour S, Rooz AFH (2017) Cement-based and AC-based solidification/stabilization processes of aliphatic hydrocarbons contaminated soils in Kharg island oil terminal. Int J Environ Res 11(4):439–448
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), Standardization Administration (SA) of the People’s Republic of China (1996) Method for chemical analysis of cement (GB/T 176-1996 eqv ISO 680:1990). Beijing, China
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), Standardization Administration (SA) of the People’s Republic of China (1999) Method of testing cements-Determination of strength (GB/T 17671-1999 idt ISO 679:1989). Beijing, China
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), Standardization Administration (SA) of the People’s Republic of China (2005a) Test method for activity of industrial waste slag used as addition to cement (GB/T 12957-2005). Beijing, China
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), Standardization Administration (SA) of the People’s Republic of China (2005b) Test method for fineness of cement-The 80 μm sieve (GB/T 1345-2005). Beijing, China
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), Standardization Administration (SA) of the People’s Republic of China (2005c) Test method for fluidity of cement mortar(GB/T 2419-2005). Beijing, China
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), Standardization Administration (SA) of the People’s Republic of China (2005d) Pozzolanic materials used for cement production (GB/T 2847-2005). Beijing, China
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ), Standardization Administration (SA) of the People’s Republic of China (2008) Testing method for specific surface of cement(GB/T 8074-2008). Beijing, China
Hosten C, Avsar C (1998) Grindability of mixtures of cement clinker and trass. Cem Concr Res 28(11):1519–1524
Jung CH, Matsuto T, Tanaka N, Okada T (2004) Metal distribution in incineration residues of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Japan. Waste Manag 24(4):381–391
Kerby CS, Rimstidt JD (1993) Mineralogy and surface properties of municipal solid waste ash. Environ Sci Technol 27(4):652–660
Kosson DS, van der Sloot HA, Holmes T, Wiles C (1991) Leaching properties of untreated and treated residues tested in the USEPA program for evaluation of treatment and utilization technologies for municipal waste combustor residues. Stud Environ Sci 48:119–134
Kosson DS, Kosson TT, van der Sloot HA (1993) Evaluation of solidification/stabilization treatment processes for municipal waste combustion residues (project summary) (EPA/600/SR293/167). US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, pp 1–8
Li M, Xiang J, Hu S, Sun LS, Su S, Li PS, Sun XX (2004) Characterization of solid residues from municipal solid incinerator. Fuel 83(10):1397–1405
Li YM, Hao LW, Chen XD (2016) Analysis of MSWI bottom ash reused as alternative material for cement production. Procedia Environ Sci 31:549–553
Lin KL, Lin DF (2006) Hydration characteristics of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash slag as a pozzolanic material for use in cement. Cem Concr Compos 28(9):817–823
Liu BJ, Xie YJ, Zhou SQ, Yuan QL (2000) Influence of ultrafine fly ash composite on the fluidity and compressive strength of concrete. Cem Concr Res 30(9):1489–1493
Liu ZQ, Liu ZH, Li XL (2006) Status and prospect of the application of municipal solid waste incineration in China. Appl Therm Eng 26(11–12):1193–1197
Ministry of Environmental Protection (EPA) of the People’s Republic of China (2014) Standard for pollution control on the municipal solid waste incineration (GB18485-2014). Beijing, China
National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), Standardization Administration (SA) of the People’s Republic of China (2005) Test method for grindability of cement raw materials (JC/T 734-2005). Beijing, China
Ni P, Xiong Z, Tian C, Li HL, Zhao YC, Zhang JY, Zheng CG (2017a) Influence of carbonation under oxy-fuel combustion flue gas on the leachability of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash. Waste Manag 67:171–180
Ni P, Li HL, Zhao YC, Zhang JY, Zheng CG (2017b) Relation between leaching characteristics of heavy metals and physical properties of fly ashes from typical municipal solid waste incinerators. Environ Technol 38(17):2105–2118
Shi DZ, Li PF, Zhang C, Tang XJ (2015) Levels and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls in residues from incineration of established source-classified MSW in China. Toxicol Environ Chem 97(10):1337–1349
Shi DZ, Zhang C, Zhang JL, Li PF, Wei YM (2016) Seed-assisted hydrothermal treatment with composite silicon-aluminum additive for solidification of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. Energy Fuels 30(12):10661–10670
Shi DZ, Hu CY, Zhang JL, Li PF, Zhang C, Wang XM, Ma H (2017) Silicon-aluminum additives assisted hydrothermal process for stabilization of heavy metals in fly ash from MSW incineration. Fuel Process Technol 165:44–53
Ün H (2005) A discussion of the paper “Use of zeolite, coal bottom ash and fly ash as replace materials in cement production” by F. Canpolat, K. Yilmaz, M.M. Köse, M. Sümer, M.A. Yurdusev [2004. Cement Concrete Res. 34(5), 731–735]. Cem Concr Res 35(5):1020–1021
van der Sloot HA, Piepers O, Kok A (1984) A standard leaching test for combustion residues. Technical report Bureau Energy Research Projects BEOP-31
Verhulst D, Buekens A, Spencer PJ, Eriksson G (1995) Thermodynamic behavior of metal chlorides and sulfates under the conditions of incineration furnaces. Environ Sci Technol 30(1):50–56
Wang LC, Lee WJ, Lee WS, Chang-Chien GP, Tsai PJ (2003) Effect of chlorine content in feeding wastes of incineration on the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans. Sci Total Environ 302(1–3):185–198
Yan JH, Chen T, Li XD, Zhang J, Lu SY, Ni MJ, Cen KF (2006) Evaluation of PCDD/Fs emission from fluidized bed incinerators co-firing MSW with coal in China. J Hazard Mater 135(1–3):47–51
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology under Grant no. CSTC2017jcyjAX0035, and by the 111 Project under Grant no. B13041.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shi, D., Wang, P., Xu, X. et al. Effect of Source-Classified Collection of Municipal Solid Waste on Heavy Metals and Pozzolanic Properties of Incineration Residues. Int J Environ Res 12, 661–670 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-018-0122-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-018-0122-y