Abstract
Nanoparticles have a wide range of applications. This work elaborates on the new findings in the AgNPs research domain using two pharmacologically important Garcinia species. This study is aimed at comparing the potential of Garcinia conicarpa and Garcinia cambogioides in AgNP synthesis, the physicochemical characterization of the synthesized AgNPs, and their antibacterial efficacy. Various parameters for the biogenic synthesis of AgNPs were optimized. Optimized conditions for the synthesis of AgNPs from G. conicarpa and G. cambogioides are 1:4 ratio of extract and 4 mM AgN03, pH 9, a temperature of 70 °C for G. conicarpa with a reaction time of 3 h, and 75 °C for G. cambogioides with a reaction time of 4 h. Biofabricated AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible near-infrared spectroscopy (UV–Vis NIR), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks of Garcinia conicarpa and Garcinia cambogioides produced a significant peak at 406 and 411 nm, respectively. The hydrodynamic diameter of Garcinia conicarpa and Garcinia cambogioides was 47.87 nm and 74.46 nm, respectively, calculated using DLS. Using FTIR, important functional groups in biomolecules that have a role in stabilization of silver ions have been determined. Through an antibacterial study, G. conicarpa was found to be a better candidate than G. cambogioides. This study is a novel attempt to attribute the potential of silver nanoparticle synthesis by one endemic Garcinia species Garcinia conicarpa and Garcinia cambogioides, and thereby reveal their antibacterial potential.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Abbreviations
- UV–Vis NIR:
-
Ultraviolet–visible near-infrared spectroscopy
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- SPR:
-
Surface Plasmon resonance
- AgNPs:
-
Silver nanoparticles
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- FE-SEM:
-
Field emission-scanning electron microscope
- DLS:
-
Dynamic light scattering
References
Akintelu SA, Folorunso AS, Ademosun OT (2019) Instrumental characterization and antibacterial investigation of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Garcinia kola leaf. J drug deliv ther 9(6):58–64
Das CA, Kumar VG, Dhas TS, Karthick V, Govindaraju K, Joselin JM, Baalamurugan J (2020) Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (biosynthesis): a short review on recent advances. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 1(27):101593
Kumar S, Basumatary IB, Sudhani HP, Bajpai VK, Chen L, Shukla S, Mukherjee A (2021) Plant extract mediated silver nanoparticles and their applications as antimicrobials and in sustainable food packaging: a state-of-the-art review. Trends Food Sci Technol 112:651–666
Mehata MS (2021) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Kalanchoe pinnata leaves (life plant) and their antibacterial and photocatalytic activities. Chem Phys Lett 778:138760
Karthiga P (2018) Preparation of silver nanoparticles by Garcinia mangostana stem extract and investigation of the antimicrobial properties. Biotechnol Res Innov 2(1):30–36
Huq MA, Ashrafudoulla M, Rahman MM, Balusamy SR, Akter S (2022) Green synthesis and potential antibacterial applications of bioactive silver nanoparticles: a review. Polymers 14(4):742
Shameer PS, Sabu T, Mohanan NN (2021) Taxonomic reinstatement of Garcinia conicarpa Wight (Clusiaceae). Phytotaxa 490(2):191–196
Zhou Y, Lee S, Choi FF, Xu G, Liu X, Song JZ, Li SL, Qiao CF, Xu HX (2010) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from Garcinia species using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 678(1):96–107
Aravind AA, Menon LN, Rameshkumar KB (2016) Structural diversity of secondary metabolites in Garcinia species. In: Ramesshkumar KB (ed) Diversity of Garcinia Species in the Western Ghats: Phytochemical Perspective, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, pp 19–75
Shameer PS, Rameshkumar KB, Mohanan N (2016). Diversity of Garcinia species in the Western Ghats. In: Ramesshkumar KB (ed) Diversity of Garcinia Species in the Western Ghats: Phytochemical Perspective, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, pp 01–18
Sarip NA, Aminudin NI, Danial WH (2021) Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using Garcinia extracts: a review. Environ Chem Lett 1–25
Shameer PS, Mohanan1&2 N (2020). Garcinia cambogioides, the correct name for G. morella (Clusiaceae), its taxonomy, typification and notes on the status of G pictoria. J Ind Assoc Angiosperm Taxon 30(2): 270–277.
Strawa JW, Jakimiuk K, Tomczyk M (2021) Zapotin, a polymethoxyflavone, with potential therapeutic attributes. Int J Mol Sci 22(24):13227
Zheng QS, Sun XL, Xu B, Li G, Song M (2005) Mechanisms of apigenin-7-glucoside as a hepatoprotective agent. Biomed Environ Sci 18(1):65–70
Zhang SD, Lei SH, Wei LI, Hong-Lin LI, Zhang WD (2015) Isochamaejasmin induces apoptosis in leukemia cells through inhibiting Bcl-2 family proteins. Chin J M 13(9):660–666
Alkhuriji AF, Majrashi NA, Alomar S, El-Khadragy MF, Awad MA, Khatab AR, Yehia HM (2020) The beneficial effect of eco-friendly green nanoparticles using Garcinia mangostana peel extract against pathogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes in female BALB/c mice. Animals 10(4):573
Mohanta YK, Panda SK, Bastia AK, Mohanta TK (2017) Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Protium serratum and investigation of their potential impacts on food safety and control. Front Microbiol 8:626
Makarov VV, Love AJ, Sinitsyna OV, Makarova SS, Yaminsky IV, Taliansky ME, Kalinina NO (2014) “Green” nanotechnologies: synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Acta Nat 6(20):35–44
Zulkifli NI, Muhamad M, Mohamad Zain NN, Tan WN, Yahaya N, Bustami Y, Abdul Aziz A, Nik Mohamed Kamal NN (2020) A bottom-up synthesis approach to silver nanoparticles induces anti-proliferative and apoptotic activities against MCF-7, MCF-7/TAMR-1 and MCF-10A human breast cell lines. Molecules 25(18):4332
Morsy N, Al Sherif EA, Abdel-Rassol T (2016) Phytochemical analysis of Calotropis procera with antimicrobial activity investigation. Main Group Chem 15(3):267–273
Nouri A, Yaraki MT, Lajevardi A, Rezaei Z, Ghorbanpour M, Tanzifi M (2020) Ultrasonic-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Mentha aquatica leaf extract for enhanced antibacterial properties and catalytic activity. Colloid Interf Sci 35:100252
Raina S, Roy A, Bharadvaja N (2020) Degradation of dyes using biologically synthesized silver and copper nanoparticles. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 13:100278
Malini S, Kumar SV, Hariharan R, Bharathi AP, Devi PR, Hemananthan E (2020) Antibacterial, photocatalytic and biosorption activity of chitosan nanocapsules embedded with Prosopis juliflora leaf extract synthesized silver nanoparticles. Mater Today: Proc 21:828–832
Velmurugan P, Shim J, Kim H, Lim JM, Kim SA, Seo YS, Kim JW, Kim K, Oh BT (2020) Bio-functionalization of cotton, silk, and leather using different in-situ silver nanoparticle synthesis modules, and their antibacterial properties. Res Chem Intermed 46:999–1015
Nasaruddin RR, Engliman S, Mastuli MS (2021) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using coffee extract for catalysis. Malaysian NANO-Int J 1(2):13–25
Alharbi NS, Alsubhi NS, Felimban AI (2022) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using medicinal plants: characterization and application. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 15(3):109–124
Stavinskaya O, Laguta I, Fesenko T, Krumova M (2019) Effect of temperature on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Vitex agnus-castus extract. Chem J Mold 14(2):117–121
Sukweenadhi J, Setiawan KI, Avanti C, Kartini K, Rupa EJ, Yang DC (2021) Scale-up of green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using ethanol extract of Plantago major L. leaf and its antibacterial potential. S Afr J Chem Eng 38(1):1–8
Hemlata MPR, Singh AP, Tejavath KK (2020) Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cucumis prophetarum aqueous leaf extract and their antibacterial and antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines. ACS Omega 5(10):5520–5528
Singh K, Panghal M, Kadyan S, Chaudhary U, Yadav JP (2014) Green silver nanoparticles of Phyllanthus amarus: as an antibacterial agent against multi drug resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Nanobiotechnol 12(1):1–9
Oluwaniyi OO, Adegoke HI, Adesuji ET, Alabi AB, Bodede SO, Labulo AH, Oseghale CO (2016) Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Thevetia peruviana Juss and its antimicrobial activities. Appl Nanosci 6:903–912
Nurfadhilah M, Nolia I, Handayani W, Imawan C (2018) The role of pH in controlling size and distribution of silver nanoparticles using biosynthesis from Diospyros discolor Willd.(Ebenaceae). In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing 367(1): 012033
Singh J, Dhaliwal AS (2019) Novel green synthesis and characterization of the antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles prepared from Nepeta leucophylla root extract. Anal Lett 52(2):213–230
Sithara R, Selvakumar P, Arun C, Anandan S, Sivashanmugam P (2017) Economical synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Acalypha hispida and its application in the detection of Mn (II) ions. J Adv Res 8(6):561–568
Melkamu WW, Bitew LT (2021) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) JF Gmel plant leaf extract and their antibacterial and anti-oxidant activities. Heliyon 7(11):e08459
Samrot AV, Angalene J, Roshini SM, Raji P, Stefi SM, Preethi R, Madankumar A (2019) Bioactivity and heavy metal removal using plant gum mediated green synthesized silver nanoparticles. J Clust Sci 30(6):1599–1610
Purohit A, Sharma R, Shiv Ramakrishnan R, Sharma S, Kumar A, Jain D, Kushwaha HS, Maharjan E (2022) Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Buchanania lanzan spreng and evaluation of their antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi. Bioinorg Chem Appl: 1–9
Ul Haq MN, Shah GM, Menaa F, Khan RA, Althobaiti NA, Albalawi AE, Alkreathy HM (2022) Green silver nanoparticles synthesized from Taverniera couneifolia elicits effective anti-diabetic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats. Nanomaterials 12(7):1035
Kotakadi VS, Rao YS, Gaddam SA, Prasad TN, Reddy AV, Gopal DS (2013) Simple and rapid biosynthesis of stable silver nanoparticles using dried leaves of Catharanthus roseus. Linn. G. Donn and its anti-microbial activity. Colloids Surf B 105:194–198
Bamal D, Singh A, Chaudhary G, Kumar M, Singh M, Rani N, Mundlia P, Sehrawat AR (2021) Silver nanoparticles biosynthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activities, applications, cytotoxicity and safety issues: an updated review. Nanomaterials 11(8):2086
Sundararajan B, Mahendran G, Thamaraiselvi R, Ranjitha Kumari BD (2016) Biological activities of synthesized silver nanoparticles from Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Bull Mater Sci 39:423–431
Elemike EE, Onwudiwe DC, Ekennia AC, Katata-Seru L (2017) Biosynthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles obtained using Lavandula× intermedia. Res Chem Intermed 43:1383–1394
Palithya S, Gaddam SA, Kotakadi VS, Penchalaneni J, Golla N, Krishna SB, Naidu CV (2022) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using flower extracts of Aerva lanata and their biomedical applications. Part Sci Technol 40(1):84–96
Mohammed AA, Mohamed A, El-Naggar NE, Mahrous H, Nasr GM, Abdella A, Ahmed RH, Irmak S, Elsayed MS, Selim S, Elkelish A (2022) Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by Moringa Oleifera through response surface methodology. J Nanomater 2022:1–5
Singh P, Mijakovic I (2022) Strong antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles obtained by the green synthesis in Viridibacillus sp. extracts. Front Microbiol 13
Joshi AS, Singh P, Mijakovic I (2020) Interactions of gold and silver nanoparticles with bacterial biofilms: molecular interactions behind inhibition and resistance. Int J Mol Sci 21(20):7658
Karade VC, Patil RB, Parit SB, Kim JH, Chougale AD, Dawkar VV (2021) Insights into shape-based silver nanoparticles: a weapon to cope with pathogenic attacks. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 9(37):12476–12507
Ghramh HA, Ibrahim EH, Kilnay M, Ahmad Z, Alhag SK, Khan KA, Taha R, Asiri FM (2020) Silver nanoparticle production by Ruta graveolens and testing its safety, bioactivity, immune modulation, anticancer, and insecticidal potentials. Bioinorg Chem Appl 1–11
Rather MA, Deori PJ, Gupta K, Daimary N, Deka D, Qureshi A, Dutta TK, Joardar SN, Mandal M (2022) Ecofriendly phytofabrication of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Cuphea carthagenensis and their antioxidant potential and antibacterial activity against clinically important human pathogens. Chemosphere 300:134497
Acknowledgements
The first author gratefully acknowledges University grant commission (UGC) Government of India or the award of the fellowship.
Funding
This work was supported by UGC in the form of National level fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
DMV Idea for the article; DMV & JET—Literature search and data analysis; JET—Drafted and/or critically revised the work.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Consent for publication
All the authors have approved the manuscript for submission.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Divyalakshmi, M.V., Thoppil, J.E. Comparitive study on instrumental characteristics and antibacterial efficacy of green synthesized silver nanoparticles from two pharmacologically important Garcinia species: Garcinia conicarpa and Garcinia cambogioides of Western Ghats. Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng. 8, 717–732 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-023-00320-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-023-00320-1