Abstract
Recycled materials with suitable engineering properties can be used as substitutes for natural aggregates (NA), an economically feasible and environmentally friendly alternative. Various recycled materials such as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), crushed brick (CB), fine recycled glass (FRG), Steel Slag, waste rock (WR), recycled masonry aggregate (RMA), electrolyte manganese residue (EMR), red mud (RM) and plastic wastes, were used globally in pavement construction. Extensive research is in progress to utilize recycled materials in flexible and rigid pavement bases with and without stabilization. Cement stabilization is widely used among the various stabilization techniques due to the proven process/technology and benefits. The recycled aggregates content, type, cement content, gradation, curing period, and other factors influence the mechanical properties of the cement-treated bases. In the process, there is a need to assess the performance of cement-treated bases at varying percentages of recycled materials to understand the real-time conditions for different climatic conditions. The optimization of the recycled materials and cement is necessary to improve the performance and make the recycled bases economically viable. A detailed review of cement-treated bases using different recycled materials is carried and presented in the current paper. Besides, the indigenous characteristics of various recycled materials with cement stabilization are presented. The extensive literature survey concluded that Cement-treated bases showed better performance than conventional bases in terms of stiffness, strength, economic, environmental, and sustainable perspectives.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chesner WH, Collins RJ, Mackay MH (1998) User guidelines for waste and byproduct materials in pavement construction (Publication No. FHWA-RD-97-148). Federal Highway Administration, US Department of Transportation, Washington, DC
Amaral LF, Girondi Delaqua GC, Nicolite M et al (2020) Eco-friendly mortars with addition of ornamental stone waste—a mathematical model approach for granulometric optimization. J Clean Prod 248:119283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119283
Liveira PS, Antunes MLP, da Cruz NC et al (2020) Use of waste collected from wind turbine blade production as an eco-friendly ingredient in mortars for civil construction. J Clean Prod 274:122948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122948
de Azevedo ARG, Alexandre J, Xavier GDC, Pedroti LG (2018) Recycling paper industry effluent sludge for use in mortars: a sustainability perspective. J Clean Prod 192:335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.011
de Azevedo ARG, Marvila MT, Tayeh BA et al (2021) Technological performance of açaí natural fibre reinforced cement-based mortars. J Build Eng 33:101675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101675
de Azevedo ARG, Alexandre J, Marvila MT et al (2020) Technological and environmental comparative of the processing of primary sludge waste from paper industry for mortar. J Clean Prod 249:119336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119336
Cabrera M, Pérez P, Rosales J, Agrela F (2020) Feasible use of cathode ray tube glass (CRT) and recycled aggregates as unbound and cement-treated granular materials for road sub-bases. Materials (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030748
Xuan D, Molenaar A, Houben L, Shui Z (2011) Estimation of mechanical characteristics of cement treated demolition waste. Transportation and Development Institute Congress, Chicago, United States, pp 884–893
www.materialflows.net. Accessed 25 Oct 2020
The Freedonia Group (2012) World construction aggregates
Tam VWY (2008) On the effectiveness in implementing a waste-management-plan method in construction. Waste Manag 28:1072–1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.04.007
Central Pollution Control Board (2017) Guidelines on environmental management of construction & demolition (C&D) wastes, forests & climate change, Government of India, Ministry of Environment
Jain S, Singhal S, Jain NK (2018) Construction and demolition waste (C&DW) in India: generation rate and implications of C&DW recycling. Int J Constr Manag 21:261–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2018.1523300
Murray Reid J, Hassan KE, Sirin O, Taha RA (2016) Demonstrating the worth of recycled aggregates—a case study from Qatar. Geo-Chicago 2016:534–545
Chen J, Tinjum J, Edil T (2013) Leaching of alkaline substances and heavy metals from recycled concrete aggregate used as unbound base course. Transp Res Rec. https://doi.org/10.3141/2349-10
Blankenagel BJ, Guthrie WS (2006) Laboratory characterization of recycled concrete for use as pavement base material. Transp Res Rec. https://doi.org/10.3141/1952-03
Guthrie W, Cooley D, Eggett D (2007) Effects of reclaimed asphalt pavement on mechanical properties of base materials. Transp Res Rec 2005:44–52. https://doi.org/10.3141/2005-06
Puppala AJ, Hoyos LR, Potturi AK (2011) Resilient moduli response of moderately cement-treated reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates. J Mater Civ Eng 23:990–998. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000268
Thakur SC, Han J, Chong WK, Parsons RL (2010) Laboratory evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of recycled asphalt pavement. In: Paving materials and pavement analysis, pp 255–263
Dong Q, Huang B (2014) Laboratory evaluation on resilient modulus and rate dependencies of RAP used as unbound base material. J Mater Civ Eng 26:379–383. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)mt.1943-5533.0000820
Arulrajah A, Piratheepan J, Disfani MM (2014) Reclaimed asphalt pavement, and recycled concrete aggregate blends in pavement subbases: laboratory and field evaluation. J Mater Civ Eng 26:349–357. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)mt.1943-5533.0000850
Haider I, Cetin B, Kaya Z et al (2014) Evaluation of the mechanical performance of recycled concrete aggregates used in highway base layers. 3686–3694. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784413272.357
Arulrajah A, Disfani MM, Horpibulsuk S et al (2014) Physical properties and shear strength responses of recycled construction and demolition materials in unbound pavement base/subbase applications. Constr Build Mater 58:245–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.025
Disfani MM, Arulrajah A, Younus Ali MM, Bo MW (2011) Fine recycled glass: a sustainable alternative to natural aggregates. Int J Geotech Eng 5:255–266. https://doi.org/10.3328/IJGE.2011.05.03.255-266
Arulrajah A, Piratheepan J, Disfani MM, Bo MW (2013) Geotechnical and geoenvironmental properties of recycled construction and demolition materials in pavement subbase applications. J Mater Civ Eng 25:1077–1088. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)mt.1943-5533.0000652
Jofre C, Kraemer C (2008) Manual of soil stabilization with cement or lime (Spanish). Spanish Institute of Cement and its Applications (SICA), Madrid
Eren Ş, Filiz M (2009) Comparing the conventional soil stabilization methods to the consolid system used as an alternative admixture matter in Isparta Darıdere material. Constr Build Mater 23:2473–2480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.01.002
Taha R, Al-Harthy A, Al-Shamsi K, Al-Zubeidi M (2002) Cement stabilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate for road bases and subbases. J Mater Civ Eng 14:239–245. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2002)14:3(239)
Autelitano F, Giuliani F (2016) Electric arc furnace slags in cement-treated materials for road construction: mechanical and durability properties. Constr Build Mater 113:280–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.054
You L, Yue Y, Yan K, Zhou Y (2020) Characteristics of cement-stabilized macadam containing surface-treated recycled aggregates. Road Mater Pavement Des 1–15
Yaowarat T, Horpibulsuk S, Arulrajah A et al (2020) Cement stabilization of recycled concrete aggregate modified with polyvinyl alcohol. Int J Pavement Eng. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1746311
Arulrajah A, Perera S, Wong YC et al (2020) Stiffness and flexural strength evaluation of cement stabilized PET blends with demolition wastes. Constr Build Mater 239:117819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117819
Yuan D, Nazarian S, Hoyos LR, Puppala AJ (2011) Evaluation and mix design of cement-treated base materials with high content of reclaimed asphalt pavement. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 2212:110–119. https://doi.org/10.3141/2212-12
Guthrie WS, Brown AV, Eggett DL (2007) Cement stabilization of aggregate base material blended with reclaimed asphalt pavement. Transp Res Rec 2026:47–53. https://doi.org/10.3141/2026-06
Ji X, Jiang Y, Liu Y (2016) Evaluation of the mechanical behaviors of cement-stabilized cold recycled mixtures produced by vertical vibration compaction method. Mater Struct Constr 49:2257–2270. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0647-x
Ma T, Wang H, Zhao Y, Huang X (2015) Laboratory investigation on the residual strength of reclaimed asphalt mixture for cold mix recycling. Int J Pavement Res Technol 8:17–22. https://doi.org/10.6135/ijprt.org.tw/2015.8(1).17
Kasu SR, Manupati K, Muppireddy AR (2020) Investigations on design and durability characteristics of cement-treated reclaimed asphalt for base and subbase layers. Constr Build Mater 252:119102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119102
Fedrigo W, Núñez WP, Fernandes DP et al (2019) Effects of RAP residual asphalt binder type, content, and aging on the mechanical behavior of cold recycled cement-treated mixtures. Road Mater Pavement Des. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1689156
Fedrigo W, Núñez WP, Castañeda López MA et al (2018) A study on the resilient modulus of cement-treated mixtures of RAP and aggregates using indirect tensile, triaxial and flexural tests. Constr Build Mater 171:161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.119
Xuan D, Molenaar AAA, Houben LJM (2012) Compressive and indirect tensile strengths of cement-treated mix granulates with recycled masonry and concrete aggregates. J Mater Civ Eng 24:577–585. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)mt.1943-5533.0000401
Lim S, Zollinger DG (2003) Estimation of the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of cement-treated aggregate base materials. Transp Res Rec. https://doi.org/10.3141/1837-04
Liu J, Yu B, Wang Q (2020) Application of steel slag in cement-treated aggregate base course. J Clean Prod 269:121733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121733
Taha R (2003) Evaluation of cement kiln dust-stabilized reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate systems in road bases. Transp Res Rec 1819(1):11–17
Mohammadinia A, Arulrajah A, Sanjayan J et al (2015) Laboratory evaluation of the use of cement-treated construction and demolition materials in pavement base and subbase applications. J Mater Civ Eng 27:04014186. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)mt.1943-5533.0001148
Leite FDC (2007) Mechanical behavior of aggregate recycling of solid waste from construction in layers of base and sub-base of floors. https://doi.org/10.11606/D.3.2007.tde-09012008-162141
Chakravarthi S, Boyina A, Singh AK, Shankar S (2019) Evaluation of cement-treated asphalt pavement and recycled concrete pavement bases. Int J Pavement Res Technol 12:581–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-019-0069-1
Guo Y, Yao C, Shen A et al (2020) Feasibility of rapid-regeneration utilization in situ for waste cement-stabilized macadam. J Clean Prod 263:121452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121452
Marvila MT, Azevedo ARG, Monteiro SN (2020) Verification of the application potential of the mathematical models of lyse, abrams, and molinari in mortars based on cement and lime. J Mater Res Technol 9:7327–7334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.04.077
Hoyos LR, Puppala AJ, Ordonez CA (2011) Characterization of cement-fiber-treated reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates: preliminary investigation. J Mater Civ Eng 23:977–989. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000267
Zhang Y, Liu X, Xu Y et al (2019) Preparation and characterization of cement-treated road base material utilizing electrolytic manganese residue. J Clean Prod 232:980–992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.352
Arshad M (2020) Laboratory investigations on the mechanical properties of cement-treated RAP-natural aggregate blends used in base/subbase layers of pavements. Constr Build Mater 254:119234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119234
Puppala AJ, Pedarla A, Chittoori B et al (2017) Long-term durability studies on chemically treated reclaimed asphalt material as base layer for pavements. 2500. https://doi.org/10.3141/2657-01
Suebsuk J, Horpibulsuk S, Suksan A et al (2019) Strength prediction of cement-stabilized reclaimed asphalt pavement and lateritic soil blends. Int J Pavement Eng 20:332–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1293265
Faysal M, Mahedi M, Aramoon A, Thian B, Hossain MS, Khan MA, Khan MS (2016) Determination of the structural coefficient of different combinations of cement-treated/untreated recycled base materials. Geotech Struct Eng Congr 2016:1198–1208
Arulrajah A, Disfani MM, Haghighi H et al (2015) Modulus of rupture evaluation of cement stabilized recycled glass/recycled concrete aggregate blends. Constr Build Mater 84:146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.048
Behiry AEAEM (2013) Utilization of cement treated recycled concrete aggregates as base or subbase layer in Egypt. Ain Shams Eng J 4:661–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2013.02.005
Arisha AM, Gabr AR, El-Badawy SM, Shwally SA (2018) Performance evaluation of construction and demolition waste materials for pavement construction in Egypt. J Mater Civ Eng 30:04017270. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)mt.1943-5533.0002127
Yehia S, Helal K, Abusharkh A et al (2015) Strength and durability evaluation of recycled aggregate concrete. Int J Concr Struct Mater 9:219–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-015-0100-0
Hou Y, Ji X, Su X (2019) Mechanical properties and strength criteria of cement-stabilized recycled concrete aggregate. Int J Pavement Eng 20:339–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1293266
Gabr AR, Cameron DA (2012) Properties of recycled concrete aggregate for unbound pavement construction. J Mater Civ Eng 24:754–764. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)mt.1943-5533.0000447
Poon CS, Qiao XC, Chan D (2006) The cause and influence of self-cementing properties of fine recycled concrete aggregates on the properties of unbound sub-base. Waste Manag 26:1166–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2005.12.013
Del Rey I, Ayuso J, Barbudo A et al (2016) Feasibility study of cement-treated 0–8 mm recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste as road base layer. Road Mater Pavement Des 17:678–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1108221
Adaska WS, Luhr DR, Conference R (2004) Control of reflective cracking in cement stabilized pavements. In: 5th International RILEM conference, Limoges, France, May. Prevention, vol 2, pp 1–8
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (2013) Specifications for road and bridgeworks, fifth revision, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, New Delhi, India
El S, Khay E, Ph D et al (2015) Laboratory investigation of cement-treated reclaimed asphalt pavement material. J Mater Civ Eng 27:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001158
Castañeda López MA, Fedrigo W, Kleinert TR et al (2018) Flexural fatigue evaluation of cement-treated mixtures of reclaimed asphalt pavement and crushed aggregates. Constr Build Mater 158:320–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.003
Fedrigo W, Núñez WP, Schreinert GG et al (2019) Flexural strength, stiffness, and fatigue of cement-treated mixtures of reclaimed asphalt pavement and lateritic soil. Road Mater Pavement Des 22(5):1004–1022
Jitsangiam P, Nusit K, Likitlersuang S, Kodikara J (2021) Using damage evaluation to assess the fatigue behavior of cement-treated base material from laboratory and full-scale performance tests. Transp Geotech 26:100440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100440
Alam TB, Abdelrahman M, Schram SA (2010) Laboratory characterization of recycled asphalt pavement as a base layer. Int J Pavement Eng 11:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430902731362
Attia M, Abdelrahman M (2010) Modeling the effect of moisture on resilient modulus of untreated reclaimed asphalt pavement. Transp Res Rec 2:30–40. https://doi.org/10.3141/2167-04
Kim W, Labuz JF, Dai S (2007) Resilient modulus of base course containing recycled asphalt pavement. Transp Res Rec. https://doi.org/10.3141/2005-04
Mallick R, Teto M, Kandhal P et al (2002) Laboratory study of full-depth reclamation mixes. Transp Res Rec 1813:103–110. https://doi.org/10.3141/1813-13
Arulrajah A, Piratheepan J, Ali MMY, Bo MW (2012) Geotechnical properties of recycled concrete aggregate in pavement sub-base applications. Geotech Test J 35:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ103402
Bestgen JO, Hatipoglu M, Cetin B, Aydilek AH (2016) Mechanical and environmental suitability of recycled concrete aggregate as a highway base material. J Mater Civ Eng 28:04016067. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)mt.1943-5533.0001564
Miller HJ, Guthrie WS, Kestler M, Carbo C (2006) Cement treatment of frost-susceptible New England base materials blended with reclaimed asphalt pavement. In: Current practices in cold regions engineering, pp 1–11
Wilson BT, Guthrie WS (2011) Strength and deformation characteristics of cement-treated reclaimed pavement with a chip seal. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 2212:100–109. https://doi.org/10.3141/2212-11
Bennert T, Papp J, Maher A, Gucunski N (2000) Utilization of construction and demolition debris under traffic-type loading in base and subbase applications. Transp Res Rec 2:33–39. https://doi.org/10.3141/1714-05
Soares R, Haichert R, Podborochynski D, Berthelot C (2013) Modeling in situ performance of cement-stabilized granular base layers of urban roads. Transp Res Rec. https://doi.org/10.3141/2363-10
Beja IA, Motta R, Bernucci LB (2020) Application of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste with Portland cement and hydrated lime as pavement subbase in Brazil. Constr Build Mater 258:119520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119520
Agrela F, Barbudo A, Ramírez A, Ayuso J, Carvajal MD, Jiménez JR (2012) Construction of road sections using mixed recycled aggregates treated with cement in Malaga, Spain. Resour Conserv Recycl 58:98–106
Romeo E, Orazi M, Orazi US et al (2019) Evaluation of “long-term behavior under traffic” of cement-treated mixture with RAP. Constr Build Mater 208:421–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.045
Qamhia IIA, Tutumluer E, Ozer H et al (2020) Durability aspects of chemically stabilized quarry by-product applications in pavement base and subbase. Transp Res Rec 2674:339–350. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120919113
Hoyos LR, Ordoñez CA, Puppala AJ, Hossain MS (2008) Engineering characterization of cement-fiber treated RAP aggregates. In: GeoCongress 2008: characterization, monitoring, and modeling of GeoSystems, pp 613–621
MacGregor JAC, Highter WH, DeGroot DJ (1999) Structural numbers for reclaimed asphalt pavement base and subbase course mixes. Transp Res Rec. https://doi.org/10.3141/1687-03
Gao J, Jin P, Sheng Y, An P (2020) A case study on crack propagation law of cement stabilized macadam base. Int J Pavement Eng 21:516–523. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1492135
Xuan DX, Molenaar AAA, Houben LJM (2016) Deformation behavior of cement treated demolition waste with recycled masonry and concrete subjected to drying and temperature change. Cem Concr Compos 68:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.02.005
Wang J, Wen H, Muhunthan B (2020) Development of test methods to characterize the shrinkage properties of cementitious stabilized materials. Transp Geotech 25:100405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100405
TIFAC (2001) Utilization of waste from construction industry, technology, information, forecasting, and assessment council, New Delhi India
CCANZ, Cement Stabilisation (2008) Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand, IB89
https://www.cement.org/docs/default-source/th-paving-pdfs/ctb-cement-treatedpuppala-base/cement-treated-base-pca-logo.pdf?sfvrsn=2. Accessed 17 Oct 2019
Spanish General Technical Specifications for Road Construction (PG3) (2004) Ministry of Development, Government of Spain
Puppala AJ, Saride S, Williammee R (2012) Sustainable reuse of limestone quarry fines and RAP in pavement base/subbase layers. J Mater Civ Eng 24:418–429. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000404
Melese E, Baaj H, Tighe S (2020) Fatigue behavior of reclaimed pavement materials treated with cementitious binders. Constr Build Mater 249:118565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118565
Mohammadinia A, Arulrajah A, Disfani MM, Darmawan S (2019) Small-strain behavior of cement-stabilized recycled concrete aggregate in pavement base layers. J Mater Civ Eng 31:04019044. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)mt.1943-5533.0002671
Lv S, Xia C, Liu H et al (2019) Strength and fatigue performance for cement-treated aggregate base materials. Int J Pavement Eng. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2019.1634808
de Paiva CEL, de Oliveira PCA, de Franco PC (2017) The influence of milling asphalt rates from wearing surface to the flexural strength applied to a recycled layer with Portland cement. Constr Build Mater 154:1294–1300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.014
Acknowledgements
We wish to place on record our heartfelt gratitude and indebtedness to the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, for sponsoring this prestigious research project entitled “Performance Evaluation of Emulsified Bitumen Treated Bases and Cement Treated Bases” carried out at the National Institute of Technology Warangal, Telangana, India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chakravarthi, S., Shankar, S. Utilization of recycled aggregates in cement-treated bases: a state-of-the-art review. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 6, 191 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00555-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00555-4