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Functionalized Triazines and Tetrazines: Synthesis and Applications

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Abstract

The molecules possessing triazine and tetrazine moieties belong to a special class of heterocyclic compounds. Both triazines and tetrazines are building blocks and have provided a new dimension to the design of biologically important organic molecules. Several of their derivatives with fine-tuned electronic properties have been identified as multifunctional, adaptable, switchable, remarkably antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, antitumor, cardiotonic, anti-HIV, analgesic, anti-protozoal, etc. The objective of this review is to comprehensively describe the recent developments in synthesis, coordination properties, and various applications of triazine and tetrazine molecules. The rich literature demonstrates various synthetic routes for a variety of triazines and tetrazines through microwave-assisted, solid-phase, metal-based, [4+2] cycloaddition, and multicomponent one-pot reactions. Synthetic approaches contain linear, angular, and fused triazine and tetrazine heterocycles through a combinatorial method. Notably, the triazines and tetrazines undergo a variety of organic transformations, including electrophilic addition, coupling, nucleophilic displacement, and intramolecular cyclization. The mechanistic aspects of these heterocycles are discussed in a detailed way. The bioorthogonal application of these polyazines with various strained alkenes and alkynes provides a new prospect for investigations in chemical biology. This review systematically encapsulates the recent developments and challenges in the synthesis and possible potential applications of various triazine and tetrazine systems.

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Abbreviations

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

MeOH:

Methanol

Pd(OAc)2 :

Palladium (II) acetate

DMSO :

Dimethyl sulfoxide

DMF :

N,N-Dimethylformamide

CuI :

Cuprous iodide

Cu(OAc)2 :

Copper acetate

p-TsOH :

para-Toluenesulfonic aicd

DBU :

1,8-Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene

DDQ :

2,3-Dichloro-5-6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone

CF3SO3H :

Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid

MeCN :

Acetonitrile

CC :

Cyanuric chloride

TPP :

Tetraphenylporphyrin

Tf2O :

Triflic anhydride

TEA :

Triethylamine

TBAI :

Tetrabutylammonium iodide

t-BuOK :

Potassium tert-butoxide

t-BuOH :

tert-Butyl-alcohol

EtOH :

Ethanol

NMP :

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone

IBX :

2-Iodoxybenzoic acid

OMS-2 :

Manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve

DMAP :

4-Dimethyl-aminopyridine

EDA :

Ethylenediamine

TFA :

Trifluoroacetic acid

iPrBr :

Isopropylbromide

Et2O :

Diethylether

mCPBA :

m-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid

EtOAc :

Ethylacetate

DCM :

Dichloromethane

SNAr :

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution

DPPA :

Diphenylphosphoryl azide

PIDA:

Poly(diiododiacetylene)

LLCT :

Ligand–ligand charge transfer

ICT :

Intramolecular charge transfer

TTF :

Tetrathiafulvalene

MLCT :

Metal–ligand charge transfer

TTCs :

Thiophenyl triazine

TICT :

Twisted intramolecular charge transfer

MCTP :

Microporous covalent triazine-based polymer

ER :

Electrorheological property

BOTZ :

Bis-opened triazine

DSC :

Differential scanning calorimetry

Td :

Thermal decomposition

TCO :

trans-Cyclooctene

CDI :

1,1′-Carbonyldiimidazole

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank VIT-SEED GRANT for the financial assistance to explore the novel chemistry of triazines and tetrazines. Mr. Joydip Mondal is grateful to VIT for the research fellowship.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India

    Joydip Mondal & Akella Sivaramakrishna

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Mondal, J., Sivaramakrishna, A. Functionalized Triazines and Tetrazines: Synthesis and Applications. Top Curr Chem (Z) 380, 34 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-022-00385-7

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