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Density change upon solidification of silicon cast irons

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Abstract

Amongst the possible defects that can appear during casting, voids due to solidification shrinkage is certainly the most usual and important in the case of cast irons. For any predicting work, the knowledge of the density of the phases of interest, namely liquid, austenite and graphite, is a prerequisite. The density of liquid and austenite in silicon cast irons are here assessed as function of composition and temperature based on the literature review. Estimate of theoretical expansion upon solidification are then derived for lamellar and spheroidal graphite cast irons and compared to reported experimental values obtained in near-equilibrium conditions.

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Acknowledgements

Vasile-Lucian Diaconu, Björn Domeij and Attila Dioszegi from JTU University (Sweden) are warmly acknowledged for helping in getting relevant references. We are indebted to the reviewers for their pressure to add some final comments concerning the limits of the idealized model.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CS 44362, 31030, Toulouse, France

    Jacques Lacaze

  2. Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Aliendalde Auzunea 6, 48200, Durango, Bizkaia, Spain

    Jon Sertucha & Urko de la Torre

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  1. Jacques Lacaze
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  2. Jon Sertucha
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  3. Urko de la Torre
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Correspondence to Jacques Lacaze.

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Appendices

Appendix A

Values Selected for Comparing Fe–Si data from Various Works

See Table

Table 2 Reference, Silicon Content, Density Values and Measurement Method
Full size table

2.

Appendix B

Composition of the Fe-30 at% Si alloy Saturated in Carbon5

In a study dedicated to surface tension of Fe–Si and Fe–Si–C alloys, Yoshikawa used Fe–Si alloys that were then carbon saturated at various temperatures to give Fe–Si–C alloys. In the present work, data for a Fe–Si alloy with 30 at% Si were considered. Carbon saturation of this alloy was carried out in graphite crucibles leading to a change in composition of the melt that was calculated using the TCFE-8 database. The results of these calculations are given in mass percent in Table

Table 3 Composition of Fe-30 at% Si Alloy After Carbon Saturation in Graphite Crucibles, and Experimental and Calculated Values of the Density
Full size table

3 where are also listed the experimental and calculated values of the density.

Appendix C

Data from Ash and Saeger4

Ash and Saeger measured the specific volume of a series of liquid cast irons and plotted them in their Figure 1. These results have been picked up from their figure and are replotted in Figure

Figure 11
figure 11

Change with temperature of the specific volume of liquid cast irons studied by Ash and Saeger.

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11. Some of the melts were duplicates and the corresponding results were given without being differentiated (e.g., alloys III and IV in Figure 11). Table

Table 4 Composition of the Aalloys Studied by Ash and Saeger (wt%)
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4 lists the compositions of the alloys studied by Ash and Saeger, selecting, however, only one of the compositions in case of duplicates. In the original figure by Ash and Saeger, lines were drawn through the data that were nearly but not exactly parallel, while the choice was made to plot parallel lines in Figure 11.

As it can be noticed in Table 4, the alloys contained different amounts of phosphorus, suggesting checking the effect of this element as assessed in the main text. The comparison of the densities calculated with Eqn. (13) without the P terms and the experimental ones in Figure

Figure 12
figure 12

Calculated versus experimental density values when P is not accounted for in Eqn. (13). The dashed line is the bisector.

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12 shows an agreement that could appear satisfactory, with a difference of less than 1.5%. However, accounting for P gave an agreement at better than 0.7% as seen in Fig.

Figure 13
figure 13

Calculated versus experimental density values when P is accounted for in Eqn. (13). The dashed line is the bisector.

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13.

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Lacaze, J., Sertucha, J. & de la Torre, U. Density change upon solidification of silicon cast irons. Inter Metalcast 17, 1493–1506 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-022-00868-9

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