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Nonlinear optical microscopy for artworks physics

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La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento Aims and scope

Abstract

Nonlinear optical microscopies (NLOMs) are innovative techniques recently introduced in the field of cultural heritage for the non-invasive in-depth analysis of artworks. In this review, we report on the state-of-the-art of NLOMs on different artistic materials, i.e., varnish, glue, paint, wood, parchment, and metal, and we evaluate the potential and capabilities of NLOMs in comparison with other more established linear optical techniques. We also discuss the latest studies defining suitable measurement conditions and instrumental requirements for the safe and in situ application of NLOMs on real cases.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Reprinted from R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics, Second Edition, the Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, New York, USA, Academic Express (2003), Copyright (2021), with permission from Elsevier [or Applicablesociety Copyright Owner] [90]

Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Permission to use granted by Newport Corporation. All rights reserved

Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

COPYRIGHT: Adapted with permission from G. Filippidis et al., Opt. Lett. 33, 240–242 (2008) © The Optical Society [113]

Fig. 9

Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature Customer Service Centre GmbH: Springer, Appl. Phys. A, Multi-photon excitation fluorescence and third-harmonic generation microscopy measurements combined with confocal Raman microscopy for the analysis of layered samples of varnished oil films, A. Nevin et al., Copyright (2010) [116]

Fig. 10

G. Filippidis et al., Assessment of In-Depth Degradation of Artificially Aged Triterpenoid Paint Varnishes Using Nonlinear Microscopy Techniques, Microsc. Microanal. 21, 510–517, reproduced with permission [78]

Fig. 11

Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature Customer Service Centre GmbH: Springer, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., Second and third harmonic generation measurements of glues used for lining textile supports of painted artworks, G. Filippidis et al., Copyright (2009) [119]

Fig. 12

Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature Customer Service Centre GmbH: Springer, Appl. Phys. A, Nonlinear imaging techniques as non-destructive, high-resolution diagnostic tools for cultural heritage studies, G. Filippidis et al., [Copyright] (2008) [113]

Fig. 13

Modified from Dal Fovo et al., 2020 [80]

Fig. 14

Modified from Mari et al., 2020 [73]

Fig. 15

T. E. Villafana et al. 2014 [81]

Fig. 16

A. Selimis et al., 2009 [122]

Fig. 17

Republished with permission of Royal Society of Chemistry from M. Oujja et al., Nonlinear imaging microscopy for assessing structural and photochemical modifications upon laser removal of dammar varnish on photosensitive substrates. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19, 22836–22843 (2017); permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc) [79]

Fig. 18.

COPYRIGHT: Adapted with permission from G. Latour et al., Opt. Express 20, 24623-24635 (2012) © The Optical Society [76]

Fig. 19

Latour et al., 2016 [134]

Fig. 20

Latour et al. 2016 [134]

Fig. 21

Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature Customer Service Centre GmbH: Springer, Appl. Phys. A, Multi photon excitation fluorescence imaging microscopy for the precise characterization of corrosion layers in silver-based artifacts, Faraldi et al., [Copyright] (2013) [86]

Fig. 22

Reprinted from Microchem. J 154, A. Dal Fovo et al., [85] Safe limits for the application of nonlinear optical microscopies to cultural heritage: a new method for in-situ assessment, 9, Copyright (2021), with permission from Elsevier [OR Applicable socIety Copyright Owner]

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Notes

  1. The characteristic atomic electric field strength is Eat = e/(4πε0α02) = 5.14 × 1011 V/m, where e is the charge of the electron and α0 is the Bohr radius of the hydrogen atom. (R. W. Boyd, 2003 [90]).

  2. For example, rhodamine 6G has a σ2ωQf of 40 Göppert-Mayer units (GM; 1 GM = 10 − 50 cm4 s/photon) at 830 nm.

Abbreviations

2PEF:

Two-photon excitation fluorescence

3PEF:

Three-photon excitation fluorescence

AFM:

Atomic force microscope

CH:

Cultural Heritage

CLSM:

Confocal laser scanning microscopy

CMC:

Carboxy-methyl cellulose

CRM:

Confocal Raman microscopy

FLIM:

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy

FORS:

Fibre optics reflectance spectroscopy

IC:

Internal conversion

IRR:

Infrared reflectography

ISC:

Inter-system crossing

LIF:

Laser induced fluorescence

MPEF:

Multi-photon excitation fluorescence

NA:

Numerical aperture

nanoIR:

IR nanoscopy

NIR:

Near infrared

NLOM:

Nonlinear optical microscopy

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

OCT:

Optical coherence tomography

OM:

Optical microscopy

OPO:

Optical parametric oscillator

PA:

Photoacoustic

PAcSA:

Photoacoustic signal attenuation

PIXE:

Particle-induced X-ray emission

PMMA:

Poly-methyl methacrylate

PMT:

Photomultiplier tubes

PSHG:

Polarization-resolved second harmonic generation

RF:

Radio frequency

SHG:

Second harmonic generation

SORS:

Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy

THG:

Third harmonic generation

THz-TDS:

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

VR:

Vibrational relaxation

XRF:

X-ray fluorescence

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Acknowledgements

This research has been funded by Regione Toscana (POR FSE 2014-2020, “Giovanisì”, Intervention Program “CNR4C”, CUP B15J19001040004), by the Spanish State Research Agency (AEI) through project PID2019-104124RB-I00/ AEI /1.0.13039/501100011033, by the TOP Heritage-CM (S2018/NMT-4372) program, by the H2020 European project IPERION HS (Integrated Platform for the European Research Infrastructure ON Heritage Science, GA 871034) and is supported by CSIC Interdisciplinary Platform “Open Heritage: Research and Society” (PTI-PAIS). Collaborations with Drs Mohamed Oujja and Mikel Sanz are gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (CNR-INO), Largo E. Fermi 6, 50125, Florence, Italy

    Alice Dal Fovo & Raffaella Fontana

  2. Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano - Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), C/ Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain

    Marta Castillejo

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  1. Alice Dal Fovo
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Correspondence to Raffaella Fontana.

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Dal Fovo, A., Castillejo, M. & Fontana, R. Nonlinear optical microscopy for artworks physics. Riv. Nuovo Cim. 44, 453–498 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40766-021-00023-w

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