Towards a classification of rigid product quotient varieties of Kodaira dimension 0

In this paper the authors study quotients of the product of elliptic curves by a rigid diagonal action of a finite group G. It is shown that only for G=He(3),Z32\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$G = {{\,\mathrm{He}\,}}(3), {\mathbb {Z}}_3^2$$\end{document}, and only for dimension ≥4\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\ge 4$$\end{document} such an action can be free. A complete classification of the singular quotients in dimension 3 and the smooth quotients in dimension 4 is given. For the other finite groups a strong structure theorem for rigid quotients is proven.


Introduction
These two groups are part of four so-called exceptional groups, which are groups admitting a rigid action on an elliptic curve such that the translation part is not uniquely determined (cf. Proposition 4.4).
For the non exceptional case instead we have the following result: Theorem 1.5 Assume that G is not exceptional and admits a rigid diagonal action on a product of elliptic curves E 1 × · · · × E n . Then the elliptic curves are isomorphic, i.e., E 1 ∼ = · · · ∼ = E n =: E. The quotient is isomorphic to X n,d := E n /Z d , where Z d acts by multiplication with ζ d · Id. Here d = 3, 6 and E is the Fermat elliptic curve, or d = 4 and E is the harmonic elliptic curve. Remark 1. 6 1. Observe that for the non exceptional groups we have in each dimension exactly one case for d. Unfortunately these quotients are singular, the singularities are of type 1 k (1, . . . , 1), where k d. For n ≥ d these singularities are canonical and it can be shown that there is a resolution of singularities which is infinitesimally rigid (cf. [3]). 2. For n = d = 3, 4, 6 the variety X n,d is a singular Calabi-Yau variety (cf. [7]).
We finally completely classify rigid diagonal actions of the two exceptional groups Z 2 3 and He (3) in dimensions 3 and the free ones in dimension 4. In fact, we prove the following: Theorem 1.7 1. There is exactly one isomorphism class of quotient manifolds E 4 /Z 2 3 resp. E 4 / He(3) obtained by a rigid free and diagonal action. They have non isomorphic fundamental groups. 2. For each exceptional group Z 2 3 and He(3) there are exactly four isomorphism classes of (singular) quotients X i := E 3 /Z 2 3 and Y i := E 3 / He(3) obtained by a rigid diagonal G-action: (i) X 4 and Y 4 are isomorphic to Beauville's Calabi-Yau threefold X 3,3 . (ii) X 3 and Y 3 are also Calabi-Yau, uniformized by X 3,3 and admit crepant resolutions, which are rigid. (iii) X 2 and X 3 , resp. Y 2 and Y 3 , are diffeomorphic but not biholomorphic. (iv) The eight threefolds X i , Y j form five distinct topological classes.
Our paper is organized as follows: In a short first section we recall some facts on rigid group actions on complex manifolds. In the second chapter we treat rigid actions on elliptic curves recalling that a finite group G admitting a rigid action on an elliptic curve E has to be of the form G = A ϕ d Z d , where d ∈ {3, 4, 6}, and E is the Fermat or the harmonic elliptic curve. Moreover we show that if G admits a rigid action on a product of elliptic curves, these curves have all to be the same. In the following section we prove Theorems 1.4 and 1.5 .
The last section is dedicated to the classification of the actions of the exceptional groups in dimensions 3 and 4. The results on the isomorphism classes in Theorem 1.7 is done using a MAGMA algorithm [11], which is available on the website of the second author: http:// www.staff.uni-bayreuth.de/~bt300503/publi.html.
To obtain the topological results we exploit the fact that the fundamental groups of the smooth quotients resp. the orbifold fundamental groups of the singular quotients in dimension three are crystallographic groups.

Rigid group actions on complex manifolds
In this short introductory section we recall the definition of rigid group actions on complex manifolds and give a criterion for the rigidity of the diagonal action on a product of such.
Since in all of this article we only discuss infinitesimal rigidity, we often drop the adverb infinitesimally and only talk about rigidity. Definition 2.1 Let X be a compact complex manifold and G be a finite group acting holomorphically on X . We say that the G-action is infinitesimally rigid if and only if H 1 (X , X ) G = 0, where X is the tangent sheaf of X . Remark 2.2 1. If the action of G is not faithful, then, denoting the kernel by K , we obviously have that H 1 (X , X ) G = H 1 (X , X ) G/K , hence after replacing G by G/K we may assume that G acts faithfully. 2. If G acts freely in codimension one, then for all i there is an isomorphism In particular, since H 1 (X /G, X /G ) classifies the infinitesimal equisingular deformations of X /G, we see that, if the action is rigid, the quotient X /G has no equisingular deformations. 3. Consider the low term exact sequence of the local-to-global Ext-spectral sequence on Z := X /G: [20] isolated quotient singularities in dimensions at least 3 are infinitesimally rigid, i.e., E xt 1 ( 1 Z , O Z ) = 0. Therefore the above exact sequence shows that, if G has only isolated fixed points on X , then . This means that for Z all infinitesimal deformations are equisingular. In particular, for showing that Z is an infinitesimally rigid variety, it suffices to show that H 1 (X , X ) G = 0. 4. If Z is singular, one has to make sure that there is a resolution of singularities Z → Z such that Z is infinitesimally rigid, since primarily we are interested in rigid manifolds (cf. Proposition 5.17).
Let G be a finite group acting holomorphically on the compact complex manifolds X 1 , . . . , X n , then the diagonal subgroup G G acts in a natural way on the product X 1 × · · · × X n , in fact setting: It is natural to call this action the diagonal G-action on the product X 1 ×· · · × X n . Künneth's formula allows us to give a reformulation of the rigidity of the diagonal action in terms of the individual actions on the factors: Proposition 2.3 Let G be a finite group acting holomorphically on the compact complex manifolds X 1 , . . . , X n . Then, the diagonal action on X := X 1 × · · · × X n is (infinitesimally) rigid, if and only if: Proof Let p i : X → X i be the projection onto the i-th factor. Then For each 1 ≤ i ≤ n we have according to Künneth's formula. The claim follows, by taking the G-invariant part.

Remark 2.4
In the special case where the products h 0 (

Rigid actions on elliptic curves
In this paragraph we study rigid diagonal G-actions on a product E 1 × · · · × E n of elliptic curves under the additional assumption that G acts faithfully on each factor. Recall that any holomorphic map between elliptic curves, or more generally between complex tori, is induced by an affine linear map. Since the tangent bundle of an elliptic curve is trivial, Proposition 2.3 has a particularly simple reformulation: Proposition 3.1 Let G be a finite group acting holomorphically on the elliptic curves E 1 , . . . , E n , then the following are equivalent: 1. the diagonal G-action on E 1 × · · · × E n is rigid, 2. none of the quadratic differentials dz i ⊗ dz j is G-invariant.
Proof By duality, the rigidity conditions in Proposition 2.3 are equivalent to to rewrite the rigidity conditions as: The claim follows since G acts trivially on each 2-form dz i ∧ dz i .

Remark 3.2 1.
A holomorphic G-action of a finite group on an elliptic curve E induces a natural one-dimensional representation It is called the canonical representation. As it is one dimensional we identify it with its character χ E . If the linear part of g ∈ G is a, then the value of χ E (g) is equal to a.
2. In terms of the characters χ E i the statement on the quadratic differentials dz i ⊗ dz j in Proposition 3.1 translates to χ E i · χ E j = χ triv , for all 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n. 3. It is well known that a G-action on an elliptic curve E is rigid if and only if E/G P 1 and the Galois cover π : E → E/G P 1 is branched in three points p 1 , p 2 and p 3 . In this case the branching signatures m i , which are defined to be the orders of the (cyclic) stabilizer groups G x i for some x i ∈ π −1 ( p i ), are up to permutation equal to: Rigid group actions on compact Riemann surfaces can be described purely in terms of group theory by Riemann's existence theorem. In our situation we only need the following (much weaker) version of this theorem for elliptic curves.
We refer to [17,Chapter III] for details and mention only the following: Assume that E admits a rigid G-action, let π : E → E/G P 1 be the quotient map and let B := { p 1 , p 2 , p 3 } be the set of branch points of π. The fundamental group of P 1 \ B is generated by three simple loops γ i around p i fulfilling a single relation γ 1 * γ 2 * γ 3 = 1.
The elements g i are obtained as the images of γ i under the monodromy homomorphism η : π 1 (P 1 \ B, p) → G.
2. The cyclic subgroups g i and their conjugates provide the non-trivial stabilizer groups of the G-action on E. Let x i ∈ E be a point with stabilizer G x i = g i , then g i acts around x i as a rotation by This rotation constant is nothing else than the linear part of any affine transformation inducing g i . In particular, the character χ E (cf. Remark 3.2) can be read of directly from the generating triple. 3. The union of the non-trivial stabilizer groups will be denoted by V . Observe that V consists of the identity and all group elements which are not translations.
The further discussion heavily relies on the structure of the automorphism group of an elliptic curve E. Recall that Aut(E) is a semidirect product where Aut 0 (E) Z 2 , Z 4 or Z 6 . Assume now that E admits a rigid faithful action of a finite group G. Then by Remark 3.2 (3), the group G has an element of order 3, 4 or 6 with a fixed point which up to translation is the origin of E. Whence Aut 0 (E) Z 4 or Z 6 and G must be also a semidirect product with d ∈ {3, 4, 6}. The normal subgroup A can be considered as a subgroup of the group of n-torsion points E[n] Z 2 n for a suitable integer n. More precisely, we have the following:

Proposition 3.6 A finite group G admits a faithful rigid holomorphic action on an elliptic curve E, if and only if it is isomorphic to a semidirect product
where d = 3, 4 or 6 and A ≤ Z 2 n is a subgroup for some n, invariant under the action The possible branching signatures [m 1 , m 2 , m 3 ] of the cover π : E → E/G, the abelianisations of G and the isomorphism types of E are summarised in the table below: Before we proof the above proposition we observe the following: 2. It follows immediately from the above table that if a finite group G admits a rigid action on an elliptic curve E, the isomorphism type of E as well as the branching signature of the cover E → E/G is uniquely determined already by the abelianisation of G.
An immediate geometric consequence of Remark 3.7 (2) is:

Proof of Proposition 3.6
The formulas for ϕ d are immediately derived from the semidirect product structure of Aut(E) E Aut 0 (E). The claim about the abelianisations follows from Remark 3.7 (2).
We are left to show that any group A ϕ d Z d has a rigid action on For this purpose, we consider the natural action We end the section by the following useful result.

Lemma 3.9 The order of an element of A ϕ d Z d , which is not contained in A, is equal to the order of its image under the canonical projection p :
Proof Let f be such an element. Then the order of p( f ) divides the order of f and it suffices to show the following: let ω k be a k-th primitive root of unity and f (z) = ω k z +b, then f k = id. This claim follows immediately from the well known formula ω k−1 k + · · · + ω k + 1 = 0 and the computation

Classifying rigid diagonal actions on products of elliptic curves
In this section we shall show that there are only four candidates of finite groups, which we will call exceptional groups that may allow a free rigid action on the product of (at least 4) elliptic curves, and on the other hand we shall see that all other groups admit in each dimension exactly one rigid (singular) quotient.
The following is a trivial but useful observation:

Remark 4.1
Since we assume the action of G on E 1 × · · · × E n to be diagonal, it is free if and only if for each g ∈ G there exists an index 1 ≤ j ≤ n such that g acts on E j as a translation.
This motivates the following definition: Definition 4.2 Let ψ : G → Aut(E) be a faithful action of a finite group on an elliptic curve. We define the translation group of ψ to be

Remark 4.3
Let G be a finite group.
1. The translation group T of an action ψ : G → Aut(E) is a normal abelian subgroup of G. If the action is moreover rigid, then G T Z d , where d = 3, 4 or 6. 2. Let G be a finite group, admitting a diagonal action on a product of elliptic curves E 1 × · · · × E n . Then the action is free if and only if where T i is the translation group of the action on the i-th factor.
A necessary condition for a group A ϕ d Z d to allow a rigid and free action on a product of elliptic curves is the existence of more than one normal abelian subgroup with quotient Z d . It turns out that there are only four of them and in fact in all other cases the translation group of any rigid action is A.
be a finite group and ψ : G → Aut(E) be a rigid action on an elliptic curve E. Then T ψ = A except if G is one of the following: These four groups we shall call exceptional. Before we give a proof of Proposition 4.4, we recall some structural properties of the exceptional groups: The normal abelian subgroups A i He(3) of index three are the preimages of the index three subgroups of Z 2 3 under the surjective homomorphism They are all isomorphic to Z 2 3 and the intersection of two of them equals the kernel of α. Moreover, the kernel, the center C 3 := Z He(3) Z 3 and the commutator subgroup [He(3), He (3)] are all the same.
The groups A i , together with the center C 3 are all non-trivial normal subgroups of He (3): Since the center C 3 is contained in all A i 's, Remark 4.3 (1) implies that it acts by translations with respect to any rigid action ψ : He(3) → Aut(E).
(2) There are two normal subgroups of Z 2 2 ϕ 4 Z 4 with quotient Z 4 . They are isomorphic to Z 2 2 and obtained as the preimages of the corresponding subgroups (1, 0) and (1, 2) of Z 2 × Z 4 under the surjective homomorphism It follows immediately from Remark 4.3, (2) that none of these groups can admit a free diagonal action on the product of elliptic curves.

Proof of Proposition 4.4 Let B be a normal abelian subgroup of
here G is a quotient of the triangle group T(2, 4, 4) (cf. Remark 3.7) which has three normal subgroups of index four, one is abelian and isomorphic to Z 2 , the other two groups are non abelian with abelianisation It is known that T(3, 3, 3) has exactly four normal subgroups of index three. One of them is isomorphic to Z 2 and the others are non-abelian, with abelianisation Z 2 3 . It follows that We conclude that G has order 9 or 27 and is equal to

Corollary 4.6
Assume that G is not exceptional and admits a rigid diagonal action on E n . Then: 1. the action is not free; 2. the maps g(z 1 ), . . . , g(z n ) have the same linear part for all g ∈ G.
Proof We know that G = A ϕ d Z d with d = 3, 4 or 6. Since we assume that the action is rigid, by Remark 3.2 it holds that χ E i · χ E j = χ triv and it follows that all characters χ E i are the same.
The following result shows that for the non exceptional case the situation is quite simple, since for each n and each d there is only one possible quotient, namely X n,d := E n /Z d .

Theorem 4.7
Assume that G = A ϕ d Z d admits a rigid diagonal action on E n . If G is not exceptional, then the quotient E n /G is isomorphic to X n,d := E n /Z d , where Z d acts on E n by multiplication with ζ d · Id.
Proof Since G is not exceptional, the normal subgroup A is the translation group T i of the action on each factor of the product E n . In particular E n /A is an abelian variety and by construction Z d G/A acts on E n /A by multiplication with ζ d · Id. This implies that E n /A is isomorphic to E n , according to [10,Corollary 13.3.5].

Remark 4.8 In [7]
Beauville considered the varieties X d,d for d = 3, 4 and 6. He explains that these singular varieties admit rigid, simply connected Calabi-Yau d-folds as resolutions of singularities.

The exceptional groups
In contrast to Theorem 4.7 the situation for the exceptional groups is more involved. In this chapter we analyse it in dimensions three and four. In Proposition 5.2 we shall see that rigid, free diagonal actions do not exist in dimension three. However we can drop the freeness assumption and classify rigid non-free actions. It turns out that the quotients by the groups Z 2 × Z 4 and Z 2 2 ϕ 4 Z 4 have non canonical singularities and therefore we do not consider it further.
In case of the groups He(3) and Z 2 3 , the quotients will be singular, but as we shall see only canonical cyclic quotient singularities of type 1 3 (1, 1, 1) and 1 3 (1, 1, 2) occur. We study this case in detail and discover besides Beauville's example X 3,3 , other interesting rigid canonical threefolds and relations among them. From dimension four on, the groups He(3) and Z 2 3 allow rigid free diagonal actions. Their existence for Z 2 3 has already been observed in [2,Theorem 3.4]. We show that each exceptional group gives precisely one isomorphism class of a smooth rigid quotient fourfold E 4 /Z 2 3 and E 4 / He(3). We prove that these manifolds are non-isomorphic by showing that they are even topologically distinct, i.e. non homeomorphic.

Remark 5.1
If we consider rigid actions of the exceptional groups Z 2 × Z 4 and Z 2 2 ϕ 4 Z 4 on E 4 , then as observed before the action cannot be free, hence we obtain singular quotients, which have canonical singularities. Classifying these quotients as well as suitable resolutions of singularities of those should yield new interesting examples.

Free rigid diagonal actions on E 4
We start with the following quite easy but useful Proposition We need the following Proposition only in a special case but for further use we prefer to state it in greater generality:

Proposition 5.3 Let G be a finite group acting holomorphically on the compact complex manifolds X 1 , . . . , X n , let A G be a normal subgroup and Y i := X i /A.
1. There is a commutative square of finite holomorphic maps: where the degree of f is |A| n−1 .

If n ≥ 2 the covering f is Galois if and only if A is contained in the center of G. In this case the Galois group of f is isomorphic to A n−1 .
Proof 1. is obvious.

Consider the composition of covers
We claim that h is always Galois. Observe that the elements of the groups G and A n act as deck transformations of h and therefore in order to show that h is Galois, it suffices to show that the cardinality of G , A n equals deg(h) = |A| n−1 |G|. Since A is a normal subgroup of G, also A n is a normal subgroup of G , A n . Clearly the natural homomorphism G → G , A n /A n is surjective and its kernel is A A. Thus we see that G , A n has |A| n−1 |G| elements. By the fundamental theorem of Galois theory, f is Galois if and only if G is a normal subgroup of G , A n . This is certainly the case if A ≤ Z (G). Conversely, assume that G is normal. Let a ∈ A, then for all g ∈ G there exists an element g ∈ G, such that (a, 1, . . . , 1) • (g, . . . , g) • (a −1 , 1, . . . , 1) = (g , . . . , g ).
Assume now that f is Galois. Then its Galois group is G , A n / G , which is isomorphic to A n−1 . In fact, the surjective homomorphism Now we are ready to show that for each of the groups He(3) and Z 2 3 , there is exactly one isomorphism class of rigid étale quotients E 4 /G.

Theorem 5.4
There is exactly one isomorphism class of quotient manifolds Z 1 := E 4 /Z 2 3 resp. Z 2 := E 4 / He(3) obtained by a rigid free and diagonal action. These projective manifolds are infinitesimally rigid of Kodaira dimension zero and there is an unramified Galois cover f : As explained e.g. in [5] the group S 4 × B 4 3 × Aut(G) acts on the set of quadruples of generating triples [V 1 , V 2 , V 3 , V 4 ]. Here S 4 permutes the generating triples V i of the quadruple, Aut(G) acts diagonally on [V 1 , V 2 , V 3 , V 4 ], and the Artin Braid Group B 3 acts separately on each V i by so-called Hurwitz moves. By [5, Proposition 3.3] equivalent quadruples of generating vectors yield isomorphic quotients. With a MAGMA algorithm we check that for each of the two groups there is exactly one orbit corresponding to a free rigid action, corresponding therefore to unique isomorphism class of a rigid manifold Z 1 := E 4 /Z 2 3 resp. Z 2 := E 4 / He(3).
Let us now consider the He(3) action on E 4 yielding Z 2 . The center C 3 = Z He(3) Z 3 acts on each copy of E by translations, such that E/C 3 E. Using the identification He(3)/C 3 Z 2 3 , it can be checked again by a MAGMA routine that the image of the quadruple [V 1 , V 2 , V 3 , V 4 ] representing Z 2 is a quadruple which lies in the orbit representing Z 1 . This means that on each factor we have a commutative triangle By Proposition 5.3 we have a finite Galois cover f : Z 2 → Z 1 with group Z 3 3 . The cover f is unramified, because the other three maps of the diagram in Proposition 5.3 are unramified.

Remark 5.5
Note that the fourfold Z 2 can be realized as a double quotient, namely the quotient of the torus E 4 /C 3 by the induced action of Z 2 3 He(3)/C 3 . By construction, the linear part of the Z 2 3 -action on E 4 /C 3 giving Z 2 is the same as the linear part of the action on E 4 giving Z 1 . It can be determined from the generating triples, see Remark 3.4 (3). In our situation we have (up to an automorphism of Z 2 3 ): In the literature ρ is usually called the analytic representation of the group action.
With the above in mind, it is not hard to write down explicit models of Z 1 and Z 2 : Example 5. 6 We consider the following lattices 1, 1, 1) and define the complex tori T i := C 4 / i . By definition T 1 E 4 and T 2 E 4 / t , where E is the equianharmonic elliptic curve and 1, 1, 1).
The two actions ψ i of Z 2 3 on T i , that give the quotients Z i are the following: (1, 2, 0, 1), The cohomology of the manifolds Z i is easy to compute: The projective manifolds Z 1 and Z 2 have the same Hodge numbers: Proof For any complex torus T = C n / the Dolbeault groups have the description Since the manifolds Z i are quotients of tori by free actions, the groups H p,q (Z i ) are isomorphic to the invariant parts of p ⊗ q under the Z 2 3 action induced by ψ i . Since the derivative of a constant is zero, it suffices to act with the linear part of ψ i i.e. with the analytic representation. Since both actions ψ i have the same analytic representation ρ, both quotients Z 1 and Z 2 have isomorphic Dolbeault groups and in particular, the same Hodge numbers. To compute these groups explicitly we take the standard basis of p ⊗ q . The fact that ρ acts by diagonal matrices implies that a basis of H p,q (Z i ) is given by the invariant basis vectors of B. The non-zero Dolbeault groups are: To prove the statement about O(K Z i ), we note that the differential form Thus it descends to Z i and provides a trivialization The remaining part of the subsection is devoted to prove that the manifolds Z 1 and Z 2 are not homeomorphic. More precisely, we shall show that they have non isomorphic fundamental groups.

Remark 5.8
The fundamental group of Z i is isomorphic to the group of deck transformations i of the universal cover C 4 → T i → Z i . It consists of the lifts of the automorphisms ψ i (a, b) for all (a, b) ∈ Z 2 3 and is therefore a group of affine transformations. Since the linear parts ρ(a, b) of the maps ψ i (a, b), viewed as real 8 × 8 matrices, are orthogonal we can more precisely say that i is a cocompact free discrete subgroup of the Euclidean group of isometries E(8) := R 8 O (8).
Because the action of Z 2 3 on T i does not contain translations, the lattice i of the torus T i is equal to the intersection i ∩ R 8 i.e. the translation subgroup of i . Definition 5.9 1. A discrete cocompact subgroup of E(n) is called a crystallographic group.

A Bieberbach group is a torsion free crystallographic group.
As a modern reference for Bieberbach groups we use [13], for the original results see [8], [9]. Remark 5.10 1. It is worth observing that the underlying C ∞ -manifold of Z i admits a flat Riemannian metric i.e., a metric such that the curvature tensor with respect to the Levi-Civita connection is identically zero. Vice versa each compact flat Riemannian n-manifold is isometric to a quotient R n / , where is a Bieberbach group (cf. [13,Chapter II]). Moreover, the quotient / by the translation subgroup is isomorphic to the holonomy group of R n / . 2. Obviously not every quotient of R 2n by a Bieberbach group has a complex structure. If there is a complex structure, then the complex manifold is an étale torus quotient and is called a generalized hyperelliptic manifold. These have been studied and classified in dimension 2 by Bagnera and de Franchis and in dimension 3 by Uchida-Yoshihara [21], Lange [16] and Catanese-Demleitner in [12]. In his PhD thesis [14] Demleitner gave a complete list of holonomy groups of generalized hyperelliptic 4-folds. The manifolds Z 1 and Z 2 are two distinct rigid examples, with holonomy group Z 2 3 . The second author and Demleitner work on a complete classification of rigid generalized hyperelliptic 4-folds.
In order to distinguish the fundamental groups 1 and 2 of Z 1 and Z 2 we will use the first and second of the following three theorems of Bieberbach (cf. [13, Chapter I]): Then there exists an affine transformation α ∈ Aff(n), such that f (g) = α • g • α −1 for all g ∈ 1 . 3. In each dimension there are only finitely many isomorphism classes of crystallographic groups.
Remark 5. 12 1. Assume that Z 1 and Z 2 are homeomorphic. Then, by Bieberbach's second theorem, there exists an affine transformation α(x) = Ax +b such that α • 2 •α −1 = 1 . Bieberbach's first theorem implies that α • 2 • α −1 = 1 . In other words, α induces diffeomorphisms which make the following diagram commutative: In particular, Bieberbach's theorems imply that Z 1 and Z 2 have isomorphic fundamental groups if and only if they are diffeomorphic, even by an affine diffeomorphism. 2. Recall that the actions ψ 1 and ψ 2 have the same analytic representation ρ, which we now view as a real representation: By the commutativity of the diagram in (1), there exists an automorphism ϕ ∈ Aut(Z 2 3 ), such that 3 . In other words, ρ R (a, b) and ρ R ϕ(a, b) are isomorphic as representations over R.

Proposition 5.13
The representation ρ R is the sum of four disctinct irreducible twodimensional representations over R.

Proof
The representations B b , B a+b , B a and B 2a+b are indeed irreducible, because B is not diagonalizable over R. Obviously they are distinct.
Remark 5.14 1. The group Z 2 3 has precisely 5 irreducible real representations: the trivial representation and the four two dimensional representations from above. This can be verified with the help of the formula which holds for any finite group G. 2. By Schur's Lemma the endomorphism algebra End G (V ) of an irreducible real representation V of a finite group G is a finite dimensional division algebra. As it is clearly associative, it is isomorphic to R, C or the quaternions H, according to Frobenius' theorem [15].

Proposition 5.15
1. The R-algebra of matrices H which commute with B is:

The R-vectorspace of matrices H with H B
The matrices in 1) define C-linear maps and the matrices in 2) C-antilinear maps. In complex coordinates z = x + i y we may identify them with h λ+iμ : C → C, z → (λ + iμ)z and h λ+iμ : C → C, z → (λ + iμ)z.
Proof An Ansatz with a general 2 × 2 matrix H yields a system of linear equations. The solutions are the displayed matrices. Now we are ready to prove the following: Theorem 5. 16 The fundamental groups of the manifolds Z 1 and Z 2 are not isomorphic.
Proof Assume that π 1 (Z 1 ) π 1 (Z 2 ) then, as explained in Remark 5.12, Bieberbach's theorems imply that there exists an affine transformation α(x) = Ax + b inducing diffeomorphisms In particular, Our aim is to show that equation 5.2 leads to a contradiction. As a first step, we prove that A has a very special form: we subdivide A into 16 blocks As we have seen in Remark 5.12 (2), there is an automorphism ϕ ∈ Aut(Z 2 3 ), such that This means that A defines an equivalence of the representations ρ R and ρ R • ϕ. By Proposition 5.13 the representation ρ R is the direct sum of of all four distinct irreducible two-dimensional representations of Z 2 3 : Thus also ρ R • ϕ consists of all four irreducible two-dimensional representations of Z 2 3 , possibly in a different order. By Schur's lemma non-zero maps exist only between isomorphic irreducible representations hence, up to a permutation, A is a block diagonal matrix: to be more precise, there exists τ ∈ S 4 such that for each i the block A τ (i),i is invertible, while the other 12 blocks are identically zero.
The non-zero 2 × 2 -blocks are those described in Proposition 5.15. Indeed, as B has order three, equation 5.3 implies that each non-zero block A τ (i),i either commutes with B, or fulfills the equation A τ (i),i B = B 2 A τ (i),i . Whence up to a permutation of blocks, A is a direct sum of C-linear and C-antilinear maps:  (1, 1, 1, 1) ∈ 2 belongs to 1 , which means that A contradiction, because w i is a unit for each i.

Rigid quotients of E 3 by the exceptional groups
Let X := E 3 /G be a quotient of E 3 by a rigid diagonal action of one of the four exceptional groups G. Then according to Proposition 5.2 and Remark 4.5, (2) the action is not free and X has singular points. The singular points of X are precisely the images of the finitely many points p = ( p 1 , p 2 , p 3 ) in E 3 with non trivial stabilizer group. The stabilizer of a point p ∈ E 3 is the intersection of the cyclic groups G p i and therefore cyclic (cf. Remark 3.4). We show that if G = Z 2 × Z 4 or Z 2 2 ϕ 4 Z 4 , then X always has non canonical singularities of type 1 4 (1, 1, 1). Therefore we shall restrict ourselves to the two remaining exceptional groups Z 2 3 or He(3). Since a non trivial cyclic subgroup of Z 2 3 or He (3) is isomorphic to Z 3 , the threefold X has only cyclic quotient singularities of type 1 3 (1, 1, 1) and 1 3 (1, 1, 2). We point out that these singularities are canonical, more precisely 1 3 (1, 1, 2) is terminal by the Shepherd-Barron-Tai criterion (see [19, p. 376 Theorem]) and 1 3 (1, 1, 1) is Gorenstein. In particular, for any resolution of singularities ρ : In terms of infinitesimal deformation theory these singularities are also well behaved in the following sense: Proposition 5.17 Let X be a threefold with only isolated singularities of type 1 3 (1, 1, 1) and 1 3 (1, 1, 2), then X is canonical and there is a resolution of singularities ρ : X → X, such that H 1 ( X , X ) H 1 (X , X ).
In particular, if X is rigid, then also X is rigid.
Proof In [3, Corollary 5.9, Proposition 5.10] the authors showed that a germ (U , p 0 ) of a singularity of type 1 3 (1, 1, 1) or 1 3 (1, 1, 2) has a resolution ρ : U → U such that ρ * U = U and These resolutions can be glued to obtain a resolution ρ : X → X with the same property ( * ). The low term exact sequence of the Leray spectral sequence gives us an isomorphism H 1 ( X , X ) H 1 (X , X ).

Remark 5.18
Since canonical singularities are rational (see e.g. [19, p. 363 (3.8)]), Leray's spectral sequence implies that for any resolution of singularities ρ : X → X the irregularities we can compute the irregularities q i in terms of invariant holomorphic differential forms: It is common to denote the top irregularity q 3 by p g and call it the geometric genus X or X , respectively.
using [10,Corollary 13.3.5]. We show that the map u fitting in the diagram is a local biholomorphism. Then, since u is proper, it is an unramified cover. Clearly, u maps Sing(E 3 /H ) = {27 × 1 3 (1, 1, 1)} to Sing(X ) = {9 × 1 3 (1, 1, 1)}. More precisely, since u has degree three, the fibre of u over each point p ∈ X consists either of three singular or three smooth points, depending if p is singular or not. Take a point q ∈ E 3 /H such that u(q) = p and a point x ∈ E 3 such that p 2 (x) = q, then p 1 (x) = p and the diagram of local rings commutes: By definition of the sheaf of holomorphic functions on a quotient, the maps p * 1 resp. p * 2 are isomorphisms onto the subrings rigid group action on E 3 . Then we determine the orbits of the action of S 3 × B 3 3 × Aut(G) on this set. We obtain 4 orbits for each group. The invariants are then computed as explained in Remark 5.19 and Lemma 5.21.
Remark 5.26 1. In the sequel we shall investigate the relations among the threefolds in the table. By looking at the Betti numbers, it is obvious that X i is not homeomorphic to X j or Y j for j = i, except for i = 2 and j = 3 or vice versa. 2. Using as in the proof of Theorem 5.4 the identification He(3)/C 3 Z 2 3 , it can be checked again by a MAGMA routine that the image of the triple 3 ] which lies in the orbit representing X i . Therefore there are ramified Galois covers f i : Y i → X i with group Z 2 3 , thanks to Proposition 5.3.

Proposition 5.27
The threefolds X 2 and X 3 are diffeomorphic in the orbifold sense. Likewise Y 2 and Y 3 are also diffeomorphic. Remark 5.28 By Proposition 5.23 it follows that π 1 (X 2 ) and π 1 (Y 2 ) are isomorphic to Z 3 . Therefore we know all fundamental groups of the threefolds X i , Y i in the above table, except for i = 1.
Using the description of the fundamental group of a product quotient given in [6], see also [1], a short MAGMA routine shows that X 1 and Y 1 are simply connected.

Proof of Proposition 5.27
We may realize X 3 as the quotient of E 3 by the Z 2 3 -action: a, a).
Indeed the action is faithful on each factor and, according to the argument in the proof of Proposition 5.22, Case 2, the quotient has 9 singularities of type 1 3 (1, 1, 1). Now we modify this action by replacing the third component of ψ 3 with the following action: The action is still faithful on each factor, rigid and the invariants of the quotient are p g = 0, b 3 = 2 and b 2 = 3. Whence the quotient with respect to this action is X 2 . By construction, the diffeomorphism descends to the quotients F : X 3 → X 2 . An affine diffeomorphism between Y 3 and Y 2 is established in the same way.
The rest of the section is devoted to show the following:

Theorem 5.29
The threefolds in the table consist of five distinct topological types: To prove the theorem it remains to show that the threefolds X i and Y i are not homeomorphic for 1 ≤ i ≤ 3. Albeit we cannot use the fundamental groups to distinguish them, our argument is still analogous to the one that we gave in the previous section i.e., based on Bieberbach's theorems. As a substitute for the fundamental group, we use:

Definition 5.30
Let T = C n / be a complex torus and G be a finite group of automorphisms acting on T without translations. Let π : C n → T be the universal cover, then we define the orbifold fundamental group as := {γ : C n → C n ∃ g ∈ G, s.t. π • γ = g • π}.
Remark 5.31 1. By definition is a cocompact discrete subgroup of the group of affine transformations. The subgroup of translations of is the lattice . If G acts freely in codimension at least two, then is isomorphic to the fundamental group of the smooth locus of T /G. 2. We point out that X i and Y i can be described in terms of the triples [V i,1 , . . . , V i,3 ] and [W i,1 , . . . , W i,3 ] of generating triples, which correspond to X i and Y i (cf. Then the groups X i and Y i are isomorphic to the fibred products:

Lemma 5.32
The groups X i and Y i are not isomorphic for 1 ≤ i ≤ 3.
Proof We only treat the case i = 1. The strategy in the other cases is the same, even easier. Assume that X 1 and Y 1 are isomorphic then, by Bieberbach's second theorem 5.11, there exists an affine transformation α : R 6 → R 6 , x → Ax + b, such that α • X 1 • α −1 = Y 1 . As explained above, the analytic representations of the Z 2 3 actions giving the quotients X 1 and Y 1 coincide. We view this representation ρ = ρ 1 as a real representation in the orthogonal group of 6 × 6 matrices: In analogy to Remark 5.12 (2), there exists an automorphism ϕ ∈ Aut(Z 2 3 ), such that The representation ρ R consists of two copies of B a+b and one copy of B b . Thus ρ R • ϕ is also the sum of two copies of an irreducible two-dimensional real representation and another (distinct) irreducible two dimensional real representation. Schur's Lemma implies that A is a block matrix: where A 1 ∈ GL(4, R) and A 2 ∈ GL(2, R).
As in the proof of Theorem 5.16 we conclude that A 2 has to be C-linear or C-antilinear and we obtain a contradiction for the same reasoning.

Remark 5.33
We can use the description of the groups X i and Y i from Remark 5.31 (2) to compute, with the help of MAGMA, the number of their index three normal subgroups: