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A comparison of endosulfan removal by photocatalysis process under UV-A and visible light irradiation: optimization, degradation byproducts and reuse

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Abstract

In this study, the removal efficiency of endosulfan as a persistent organic pollutant and formation of its metabolites were investigated using Ag/TiO2/Fe3O4 photocatalyst under visible and UV-A light. Light intensity, catalyst amount, initial endosulfan concentration, initial pH and time were determined as controllable factors for Taguchi experimental design. The highest removal efficiencies of endosulfan were achieved as 86.14% and 85.46% for visible and UV–A light sources, respectively. According to the greatest best criterion, the level at which the highest S/N ratio was obtained for each parameter was accepted as the optimum value. As a result of the validation experiments, 94.2% and 91.9% efficiency were obtained for visible and UV-A light, respectively. The metabolite formations of endosulfan (endosulfan sulfate, ether, and lactone) remained below 7% in all experiments on a concentration basis. In the reuse experiments of the magnetically recovered photocatalyst, high removal efficiency of around 80% was obtained after four cycles. The removal efficiencies were found to be 86.7% and 84.8%, for real samples taken from the drinking water treatment plant inlet and the spring water network injected with endosulfan under optimal photocatalysis experimental conditions, respectively. It has been shown that nitrate and sulfate anions, which are in significant concentrations in raw water samples, have very little effects on endosulfan removal. The overall results showed that the Ag/TiO2/Fe3O4 photocatalyst was produced successfully, the catalyst was highly effective in the mineralization of endosulfan in synthetic and real water samples under UV and visible light, and effective yields could be obtained even with reuse.

Highlights

  • Endosulfan removal efficiencies of 94.2%, 86.7% and 84.8% were achieved in synthetic, raw water and spring water samples, respectively, and no formation any metabolites under visible light.

  • 77.23% removal efficiency was obtained even after five consecutive uses of the catalyst.

  • A major advantage of this technology is that no chemical oxidants are added in the process and no sludge is produced as a reaction residue.

  • Taguchi and ANOVA analyzes showed that the most effective parameters in endosulfan removal were initial endosulfan dose and pH.

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Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the Republic of Turkey Higher Education Institution for the financial support it has provided with the 2014-ÖYP-106 project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering, Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkey

    Mehmet Turkyilmaz & Sezen Kucukcongar

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  1. Mehmet Turkyilmaz
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Mehmet Turkyilmaz and Sezen Kucukcongar. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mehmet Turkyilmaz.

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ESM 1

Characterization values of raw water and spring water samples taken from Konya Water and Sewerage Administration are given in supplementary data 1. (PDF 1.62 mb)

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Turkyilmaz, M., Kucukcongar, S. A comparison of endosulfan removal by photocatalysis process under UV-A and visible light irradiation: optimization, degradation byproducts and reuse. J Environ Health Sci Engineer 21, 355–371 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-023-00864-z

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