The effects of irrigation methods on some of soil and plant microbial indices using treated municipal wastewater

Shortage of irrigation water is a crucial problem in arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore, application of wastewater in such area seems to be an indispensable solution. The health aspect of the application should be considered by microbial evaluation of soil and plant irrigated with treated wastewater. In this study several irrigation methods were used. Results showed that the filtration reduced the microbial pollution of treated municipal wastewater. The maximum soil pollution was in the surface drip and furrow irrigation with treated municipal wastewater. The least level of total and fecal coliform were in sub-surface drip irrigation at the depth of 30 cm in condition of municipal wastewater reuse. The results of plants revealed that the highest coliforms were seen at the surface drip and furrow irrigation with treated municipal wastewater. The minimum coliforms numbers were observed in the sub-surface drip irrigation method. Therefore, the sub-surface drip irrigation can reduce the wastewater reuse problems at soil and plant. It is the best option to avoid the contamination in landscape.


Introduction
Nowadays, due to water scarcity it is very common to use the treated wastewater in agriculture. Risk analysis is an integrated framework for wastewater reclamation and reuse consisting of risk assessment and management (Ganoulis 2012). The reuse of treated effluent can decrease impacts of pig manure on the environment and water resources (Velho et al. 2012). Evaluation of soil quality and environmental observation are very important for the wastewater irrigation. Kalavrouziotis et al. (2008) reported that treated municipal effluent increased the concentrations of heavy metals and fecal coliform levels in the edible portion of the cabbages. The attentions of chemical constituents in soil layers were influenced by the water movement and chemical concentrations in irrigation water (Heidarpour et al. 2007). The most important concern with the sub-surface irrigation was the increased effluence in the top soil layer, since it might inhibit plant growth (Tabatabaei and Najafi 2009).

Methods
The experiment was performed at research center in Isfahan municipal wastewater treatment plant in 2008. The Table 1 presents the chemical analysis of fresh water and treated municipal wastewater (TMW). Soil texture was loam, EC (6.6 ds/m) and SAR (6.1).
Four biological parameters including the numbers of total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), total plate count (TPC) and parasite zygote were measured in effluent of wastewater treaded plant after filtration. Laurus nobilis and Buxus sempervirens plants were cultivated in the plots with three replications. Experimental treatments included, T1 P. Najafi Department of Water Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran e-mail: payam.najafi@gmail.com furrow irrigation with fresh water, T2 the surface drip irrigation (DI) with treated municipal wastewater, T3 the sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI) at the depth of 15 cm with TMW, T4 the SDI at the depth of 30 cm with TMW, T5 the furrow irrigation with TMW. The system outflow was regulated for a 2.5 m 3 /h/m 2 . The diameter of secondary pipe was 16 mm, the dripper distance was 30 cm, and the rate of drippers was 2.5 l/h. After irrigation, the samples were taken during of studies and then their TC and FC in soil and plant shoots were measured at three stages by MPN method.

Result and discussion
According to the results, biological parameters decreased by filtration of the wastewater effluent. Reduction of TPC, TC and FC parameters showed up to 99 % and level of parasite zygote up to 57 % after filtration ( Table 2).
The highest levels of coliforms were related to the DI and furrow irrigation with treated municipal wastewater. There are no significant differences between the other treatments in total coliform. The minimum level of fecal coliform belonged to the T1, T4 and T3, respectively (Table 3).

Conclusion
Soil pollution decreased with the increased depth of installed drippers, as could be observed from the sub surface drip technique. The study showed that the furrow and drip irrigations had the highest soil microbial pollution. The lowest level of microbial contamination of soil was seen in the sub surface drip irrigation using the treated municipal wastewater. The study also revealed that shoots of Buxus and Laurus had high microbial contaminations with surface drip and furrow irrigations.