Ecological, Commercial and Economic Significance of the Tree Lucerne: A Review

Currently, the Lucerne tree is becoming well-established and adapted in many parts of the world. It can be grow in and around apple trees, near Rahminus prinoides, and within the vegetables. According to African Rising Stations project on Tree Lucerne, line planting, cutting, periodic pruning, and reduce the height by 1.5 m is that the simplest caring mechanism. It has also been shown that this care can result in a 20% increase in DM production on grazing alone. It store about 6 tonnes CO2 equivalent per hectare per year and highest N-fixer among legume, it fixes about 590 kg of N2 per year per hectare. It is mainly used for animal husbandry, treat degraded ecosystems and to have good nutrients. Beyond the nutrients, it is an alternative food guarantee as it can withstand drought and stay green during the summer, especially when there is a shortage of food. Lucerne tree is used as a raw material for pulp and paper work as a group of eucalyptus, holocellulose, lingin, xylan and acetyl groups. However, in addition to fodder, there are significant limitations on energy, paper, tissue and chemical use. The leftovers should be converted into useful products. Therefore, these plants should be used for good quality of wood trim for grain and paperwork.


Introduction
The Tree Lucerne (Cytisus proliferus) is native to the Canary Islands [1]. In this day and age, it is adapting well to the rest of the world in Australia, New Zealand, Rwanda, South Africa, and in East Africa including in Ethiopia [2][3][4].
The tree known as (C. proliferus) a member of the Fabaceae family [5] that is a fast-growing, short-lived plant (10-15 years) [6] and it grows 5-6 m height [7]. As mentioned by [3], it shows slight morphological changes during the dry season, but the leaves staying green. It may be the best explorative tree for the highlands of East Africa [8]. So it is a quality feed during the year. It grows in food crops, fences, and along roadsides, which is used as fodder in the dry season when there is a severe shortage of foods [3,9]. Ecologically, it is valuable for soil conservation purposes [10]. The leaves, twigs (good stems) and pods are some of the edible ones [8].
Over the years, a number of researchers, extension experts, government and NGO organizations have been working to promote Lucerne Tree expansion and use of technology in the highlands of Africa, including Ethiopia.
Farmers' share is still not enough; there is no clear information on the use of technologies, as well as the use and management of species [4]. Although the tree Lucerne is mainly used to rehabilitate the degraded ecosystems and to animal fodder, and the plant is important for energy, paper; textiles, chemical products, industry and trade, and some studies indicate that there are currently significant limitations in East Africa, including Ethiopia [2,11,12]. These and similar problems limit the distribution, use, and protection of species. Therefore, this review explores the current problems with the ecological, commercial, and industrial application of the Lucerne tree.

Overviews of Tree Lucerne Origin and Distribution
Tree Lucerne is a native of the Canary Islands [2,3,7,13,14], but it is not native to the most countries like Australia, South Africa, Rwanda, New Zealand and Ethiopia [15] It is a tree that is well adapted to the cold and tropical regions of Africa, including the tropics of Ethiopia [16]. It is the best suitable tree for the highlands of East Africa [8]. In the published article by [17] showed that the tree Lucerne originated in New Zealand at an altitude of 200-400 m above sea level; the distribution has been found to be extensive (above 2000 m) outside the baseline and adapted to high production [10]. According to [18], productivity in Ethiopia is increasing from 2900 to 3200. Overall, research shows that the nature of this plant grows from low to high and is ecologically compatible.

Description of Tree Lucerne
According to [17], the root canal is very wide, long, and can grow up to 10 m or more. It is described that it has long and low and 7 cm long branches that are well suited for sheep, cattle and goats [13,17,19]. It has fragrant white cluster flowers and attracts bees when there is a shortage of other sources [17]. The first trees to bloom in the spring are another opportunity [5]. Lucerne leaves and fruits can be mixed with other food sources to improve animal nutrition [20]. In the published article [10] described that, one person collects up to a 4 kg of seeds per day.

Chemical Compositions
The leaves contain 16-22% crude protein and stay green during dry season [19]. It also stated that, this fast-growing shrub has a high protein-rich biomass, and it contains 20-25% [1,2]. In Farta District, South Gondar of Ethiopia, a biomass of 7.4 t/ha in the midland, to 7.63 t/ha in the highland was recorded [21].

Multiuse of Tree Lucerne
The Lucerne tree has great potential for fodder, ornamental, wind, beeswax, fuel and biogas, and can be planted as a fence and is of great benefit to a variety of crops [22]. It reduces the impact of wind erosion on the environment and its extensive deep-rooted system assists in binding the soil from runoff water in steep slopes [17]. According to [16], it is possible to alleviate fodder shortages, soil degradation, low soil fertility and fuel shortage with Lucerne.

As a Fodder
Essentially, the leaves of the tree Lucerne serve as a protein supplement for local foods [23]. During the growing season, leaves are one of the most important biomass components. According to [8], TotP, NTP, and TP recorded in Tree Lucerne; it also says that it exceeds the values found in annual Mediterranean grasses, legumes, and plants, such as Lolium rigidum Gaud., Medicago polymorpha L., Medicago arabica L., Plantago lanceolata L., Trifolium cherleri L. and T. resupinatum L.
According to [5], the leaves could be used in poultry to enhance egg yolk color and have no toxicity to sheep, cattle, goats and poultry. Growing fast, it blooms first and is easily available in [7,24]. As mentioned in [8], it can be used to correct the current grazing shortages caused by prolonged dry seasons and harsh environmental conditions. It has also been reported that it has a better flower head than recorded in C. citrinus and V. amygdalina [25]. Therefore, it is understood that it has been instrumental in increasing the production of honey by refining and adapting it.

As a Fencing and Fuel Wood
The mature tree serves as a shelter belt to reduce wind energy and wind erosion [5]. Dense wood, which is useful for wood craft, is produced. It also has good potential as a firewood crop [5]. It is one of the most widely grown shrubs in some East African countries, such as Ethioipa of Jeldu, West Shoa Zone Oromia [26].

As a Soil Fertilizer
This well adapted tree plants are fairly gives high biomass yields [13]. As stated by [5], tree Lucerne is the highest Nfixer among legume family, and it fixes 590 kg of nitrogen per year per hectare, hence it is called a fertilizer tree. It can not only fix atmospheric nitrogen, but also extract nitrogen from the soil when it is available [27].
It improves the nitrogen status of the soil, and benefits of neighboring grasses as published via [17]. It cultivates as a sole crop or inside agricultural fields to come up soil quality in hilly areas [5]. Tree Lucerne biochar practice has been done in many African countries for improving soil quality. Therefore, it is maximizing the soil organic carbon and nutrient status of the soil.

Carbon Sequestration
This tree stores about 6 tons of CO 2 per hectare per year, half of which is organic carbon in the soil and half of which is in the branches [5]. According to the report [27], it was revealed that an alley farming system into a dry farmland could produce 55.4 Mg C ha -1 in 22. The conversion of the Lucerne tree biomass into a biochar makes carbon dioxide emissions less recyclable carbon [5].

Rehabilitation Purpose
It is a very useful tree for forest development in the mountains and highlands, in the barren and poor areas. Planting tree Lucerne along the slope also prevents landslides during the rainy season. Various studies have shown that vulnerable areas have been reclaimed by tree Lucerne [5]. In general, it is considered as an arm to restore the damaged highlands; it is also known as an ecologically suitable plant to regenerate a damaged ecosystem [24]. However, Evidence suggests that there are significant gaps in the development of this ecologically suitable plant in both open and mountainous areas.

Commercial Use
Tree Lucerne as described by [2,28], like eucalyptus it has holocellulose, lignine, xylan and acetyl, which are sufficient raw materials for pulp and paper work. However, the process of converting the rest into useful products has been shown to be extremely flawed [28]. Therefore, wood trimming are used to produce pulp, paper, and fine paper [11]. It has been shown that ethanol cellulose can be produced from tree Lucerne to improve its tensile properties better than soda bowls of the same substance [12] These are indications that the results outlined in this article are not widely used outside of research. In the same way: It also shows that the plant is not widely planted for the raw material mentioned in this article.

Other Purpose
In addition to the listed benefits [24], C. proliferus is suitable for home appliances, home and agricultural equipment production. It is also used to produce biochar [5]. In general, it is understood to be a very versatile plant.

Tree Lucerne in Ethiopia
Tree Lucerne is one of the most recommended grazing crops in Ethiopia's highland farming system and is grown in combination with garden crops and other food crops [7]. Such as Holetta, Kulumsa, Adet, Sinana research centers; the plant has been assessed for adaptability and potential biomass productivity in the highlands of Ethiopia [13]. Used for bee and animal fodder, sanitation purposes, soil additives, farm implements, fences and firewood [24]. The leaves and branches of the tree Lucerne are a very important source of nutrients for animal care. The foliage of this fodder can be eaten as a green or kept in the form of grass as needed [23]; however, the application of the species in the economical, commercial and ecological value is just the beginning.

Cultivation System of Tree Lucerne
Encouraged by modern and traditional farming, some farmers' practices now introduce the species to their farms [29]. In the published article [24], the plants grow in the backyard and [4] extensively in backyard villages, around apple trees, on small trees in the Lucerne plot as fences, orchards and outcrops. In the Amhara region, it is planted in conjunction with Rahminus prinoides and in the Oromia region as well as apples, and in the SNNRP it has grown at home and has shown rapid and healthy growth after 2 months [20]. And it can be seen that it will grow everywhere, and the gap still shows that there is a gap in the tendency to not take care of it first.

Management Practice
Published article by [23] stated that an area of 1-1.5 m between plants can produce satisfactory growth, up to 2 m in height in 9 months after planting. The tree should not be collected until it is more than 1 m tall [10]. Findings from African RISING stations indicated that cutting at a height of 1.5 m provides better fodder biomass production [23]. As described by [14], regular planting, cutting, grazing and seasonal pruning is a simple treatment, which increases DM production on grazing by 20%. Therefore, when pruned, it is convenient to continue flowering, establish the seeds, and facilitate the collection of the seeds [10].

Earlier Strategies for Rising Tree Lucerne
Africa RISING is operating in Ethiopia, plays capacity building on integrated agriculture and marketing at all levels (farmers, extension, and research and market actors) and the group comprises 20-30 farmers from various social groups and gives advances to female-headed farmers [20]. This is not the last; it is the beginning for the proper utilization and management system.

Opportunity and Limitation of Tree Lucerne Outstanding Opportunity of Tree Lucerne
It is a good opportunity to use the plant as it is suitable for deep sandy soils, grows dry and resistant to drought, grows green all year round and grows fast.

Limitation of Tree Lucerne Management
Inadequate preparation is a common mistake, improper feeding of tree Lucerne levels, and lack of tools to make full use of available foliage are some of the most difficult and uncommon things to manage.

Industrial and Commercial Limitations
Lack of Lucerne processes industry for Fatting, lack of commercial Lucerne products such as biochar, pulp and paper mills, lack of accessible Tree Lucerne seedlings for rehabilitation Program; improper use of the plant for industrial and commercial purposes, such as the misuse of the Lucerne grazing tree, have been observed.

Conclusion
During the dry season, it continues to be a green leaf and provides good quality fodder throughout the year. Tree Lucerne has many potential for forage, soil conservation, nitrogen fixation, ornamentation, windmill, beekeeping, fuel, shelter, paper, pulp and biogas. It has the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and can store up to 6 tons of CO 2 equivalents per hectare per year. It is considered a weapon to regenerate the damaged highland ecosystem, which can regenerate large amounts of atmospheric nitrogen (590 kg per ha) and extract nitrogen from the soil. Cutting at a height of 1.5 m, seasonal pruning, and pruning is the simplest management system, which contributes to a 20% increase in DM production on grazing alone. It is very important to use washed leaves in the form of grass to fatten animals. However, limitations on the handling and utilization of plants for energy, paper, tissue, and chemical products are commonly seeing.

Recommendation
To maximizing the production and utilization of tree Lucerne for rehabilitation, carbon sequestration, commercialization and animal fattening: deep researches will be need on: (1) For the Fattening purpose, using industrial processing forages. (2) Focusing on the utilization of tree Lucerne as raw materials for industrial and commercial application. (3) Converting trimming residue into valuable products.
To use the effectiveness of the Lucerne tree (1) Keep the leaf as grass for the purpose of fattening the animals and make it better; (2) Production of giant tree Lucerne seedlings to regenerate the damaged ecosystem; (3) Care should be taken to use it as a raw material for industry and trade.
Acknowledgements My deepest gratitude goes to Africa RISING site project and all sources of material used for the review have been duly acknowledged.
Funding Open access funding provided by Eötvös Loránd University. The review is not funded by any organization.
Data Availability All data are available in the manuscript.

Declarations
Conflict of interest The author declared that have no conflict of interest.
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