Abstract
Constructed wetlands are nature-like engineering systems implemented to treat wastewater through physical, chemical, and biological processes under controlled environments. In constructed wetlands, pollutant removal is primarily accomplished by microbial processes such as nitrification, denitrification, anammox, comammox, organic matter degradation, and phosphate removal. This review discusses the effects of environmental, operational, and design factors on the structure, diversity, and activity of microbial communities, providing useful information to improve constructed wetlands’ performance. Factors such as temperature, pH, depth, substrate, availability of organic carbon, and presence of plants affect microenvironments, and thus the microbial communities within a constructed wetland, promoting different microbial metabolic pathways. In this review, special attention is given to the effect of these factors on different pollutant (nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter) removal pathways and performance within different CW configurations, and to the related microorganisms that have been identified by molecular techniques in these systems. A greater understanding of the critical factors that can be manipulated or controlled to shift the dominance of different microbial groups and thereby enhance microbial activity and improve constructed wetlands’ performance is still needed. Moreover, precise experiments manipulating critical factors and assessing microbial behavior as well as the performance of constructed wetlands may prove useful in developing strategies to optimize constructed wetlands’ efficiency.
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Abbreviations
- CW:
-
Constructed wetlands
- SFCW:
-
Free-water surface constructed wetlands
- SSFCW:
-
Subsurface system constructed wetlands
- VFCW:
-
Vertical flow constructed wetlands
- HFCW:
-
Horizontal flow constructed wetlands
- HyCW:
-
Hybrid constructed wetlands
- N:
-
Nitrogen
- P:
-
Phosphorus
- Anammox:
-
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation
- AOB:
-
Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
- AOA:
-
Ammonia-oxidizing archaea
- NOB:
-
Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria
- NO2 − :
-
Nitrite
- NO3 − :
-
Nitrate
- NH4 + :
-
Ammonium
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- N2O:
-
Nitrous oxide
- Mn:
-
Manganese
- Ca:
-
Calcium
- Fe:
-
Iron
- Zn:
-
Zinc
- PAHs:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
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The authors are grateful to Tecnológico de Monterrey for allowing access to scientific databases.
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This research was funded by Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, and Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A. C., Public Research Center of the National Council of Science and Technology, Government of México.
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CSG and MSGH were involved in conceptualization, CSG, MSGH and JAS helped in validation, MVG, CSG, and MSGH contributed to formal analysis, MVG and AFCB were involved in investigation, MVG and AFCB helped in writing—original draft preparation, CSG and MSGH contributed to writing—review and editing, MVG was involved in visualization, CSG, MSGH, and JAS helped in supervision. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Editorial responsibility: Samareh Mirkia.
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Verduzo Garibay, M., Fernández del Castillo, A., de Anda, J. et al. Structure and activity of microbial communities in response to environmental, operational, and design factors in constructed wetlands. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 11587–11612 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03719-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03719-y