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Estimation of possible sources for wind-borne re-invasion of Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) into islands of Okinawa Prefecture, southwestern Japan

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Abstract

The oriental fruit fly and its relatives, Bactrocera dorsalis complex Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) were eradicated from the islands of Okinawa Prefecture, southwestern Japan, in 1986. Since just after the eradication, however, re-invasion of B. dorsalis complex has been continuing to date, and the cause of the re-invasion has not been fully analyzed yet. It is believed that there are two possible routes of the re-invasion: wind-borne immigration and importation of infested fruits. This study analyzed the former natural factor by calculating backward trajectories for B. dorsalis complex males caught in monitoring traps from 1986 to 2012. In 65.8 % of the total re-invasion events, trajectories could be traced to at least one of the insect’s native regions: Taiwan (71.8 %), the Philippines (24.3 %) and southern China (3.9 %). In these possible immigration events, the influencing meteorological factors were found to be fronts (44.6 %), typhoons (36.0 %), high-pressure system ridges (12.0 %) and tropical depressions (7.5 %). The number of insects caught per trap was found to greater on the islands near the estimated sources than those further from the sources, supporting the hypothesis of wind-borne immigration of B. dorsalis complex into Okinawa.

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Acknowledgments

This work was funded by the Science and Technology Research Promotion Program for Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries and Food Industry No. 23048 (2011–2013) from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. NARO Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, 2421 Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto, 861-1192, Japan

    Akira Otuka, Keiichi Nagayoshi, Sachiyo Sanada-Morimura & Masaya Matsumura

  2. Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center, 820 Makabe, Itoman, Okinawa, 901-0336, Japan

    Dai Haraguchi

  3. Okinawa Prefectural Plant Protection Center, 123 Maaji, Naha, Okinawa, 902-0072, Japan

    Rei Kakazu

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  1. Akira Otuka
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  2. Keiichi Nagayoshi
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  3. Sachiyo Sanada-Morimura
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  4. Masaya Matsumura
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  5. Dai Haraguchi
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Correspondence to Akira Otuka.

Appendix

Appendix

A summary of trap catches and host fruit surveys in 1998 is shown in Table 4. Italicized rows indicates a case of re-colonization in which infested fruits were found and subsequent intensive efforts were made both to investigate host fruits and remove host plants if necessary. Additional fiberboard blocks were also applied to the survey area as needed. For example, five and one B. dorsalis complex males were caught in two traps, respectively, on Kume Island on 24 September 1998. Successive captures occurred in these traps and others around the first ones in a re-colonization case; these were excluded from the trap data for the analyses in this study. The host fruit survey started on 1 October, and 28 and 2 infesting larvae were found on 14 and 21 October, respectively. The host fruit survey was continued until 25 March 1999, and re-eradication on Kume Island was confirmed on 7 April. Due to this laborious past management protocol, B. dorsalis populations that re-invaded were not able to establish themselves in Okinawa Prefecture to live more than 1 year, although re-colonized populations seemed to have survived for several generations (Table 5). Two cases in August 1989 and 2002 (Table 5), in which a large number of infested fruits were found, occurred in the southern part of Okinawa Island, where Naha Airport and Naha Port are located. The area is also a populated area. These cases did not correspond to meteorological events. In a case in 2011, which was also a non-meteorological event, insects were caught only in traps located at Ishigaki Port on Ishigaki Island. These three cases imply a possibility that re-colonization occurred due to the importation of infested fruits. The other cases occurred on small islands, two in the southern Sakishima Islands and two in the northern Okinawa Islands. Three of them corresponded to meteorological events (see Tables 4 and 5).

Table 4 Summary of trap catches with two re-colonization casesa and host fruit surveys in 1998
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Table 5 Summary of B. dorsalis complexʼs re-colonization cases from 1987 to 2012 in Okinawa Prefecture
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Otuka, A., Nagayoshi, K., Sanada-Morimura, S. et al. Estimation of possible sources for wind-borne re-invasion of Bactrocera dorsalis complex (Diptera: Tephritidae) into islands of Okinawa Prefecture, southwestern Japan. Appl Entomol Zool 51, 21–35 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-015-0368-1

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