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Green synthesis of anti-cancer drug-loaded gold nanoparticles for low-intensity pulsed ultrasound targeted drug release

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Abstract

In the present work, we have designed a one-pot green protocol in which anti-cancer drugs (curcumin and doxorubicin) can be directly loaded on the surface of gold nanoparticles during their formation. We have further demonstrated that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can be used to effectively induce the release of anti-cancer drugs from the surface of gold nanoparticles in an ex vivo tissue model. With this protocol, gold nanoparticles can be easily loaded with different types of anticancer drugs, irrespective of their affinity towards water, and even hydrophobic molecules, like curcumin, can be attached onto the gold nanoparticles in an aqueous medium. The method is very simple and straightforward and does not require stirring or mechanical shaking. The drug molecules interact with the gold seeds formed during the reduction and growth process and modulate the final morphology into a spherical shape. A black-colored colloidal solution of gold nanowire networks is formed in the absence of these anti-cancer drug molecules in the reaction mixture. We used hyperspectral-enhanced dark field microscopy to examine the uptake of gold nanoparticles by breast cancer cells. Upon exposure to LIPUS, the release of the anti-cancer drug from the particle surface can be quantified by fluorescence measurements. This release of drug molecules along with trisodium citrate from the surface of gold nanoparticles by ultrasound resulted in their destabilization and subsequent aggregation, which could be visually observed through the change in the color of colloidal sol. Cancer cell viability was studied by MTT assay to examine the efficacy of this nanoparticle-based drug delivery system. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis were used to characterize the nanoparticles and quantify anti-cancer drug release.

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The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Graham Ferrier and Kevin Liu from Toronto Metropolitan University for their technical help in the experimental design. We also thank Brandon Victorio for analyzing nanoparticle size from TEM images by ImageJ software.

Funding

This research was funded by Ontario Research Fund-Research Excellence (ORF-RE #RE02-032), and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Alliance grants (ALLRP 556270-20) and NSERC Discovery grants that were awarded to J. Tavakkoli (RGPIN-2022-03799) and M.C. Kolios (RGPIN-2022-04143). Partial research funding for this project was provided through a research contract from Toronto Poly Clinic Inc. (Number: 1-51-47966) awarded to J. Tavakkoli. Farshad Moradi Kashkooli is also supported by an NSERC Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship, administered by the Government of Canada.

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Author notes

  1. Tyler K. Hornsby and Farshad Moradi Kashkooli made equal contributions to this work and are authorized to be named as the second author interchangeably.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada

    Anshuman Jakhmola, Tyler K. Hornsby, Farshad Moradi Kashkooli, Michael C. Kolios & Jahangir (Jahan) Tavakkoli

  2. iBEST, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada

    Michael C. Kolios & Jahangir (Jahan) Tavakkoli

  3. Toronto Poly Clinic Inc., Toronto, Canada

    Kevin Rod

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Contributions

A.J., T.K.H., F.M.K., M.C.K., K.R., and J.T.: conceptualization and idea development. A.J., T.K.H., and F.M.K.: methodology, investigation. M.C.K, K.R., and J.T.: resources. A.J., T.K.H., and F.M.K.: data gathering. A.J. and T.K.H.: writing—original draft preparation. A.J., T.K.H., F.M.K., M.C.K., and J.T.: writing—review and editing. M.C.K. and J.T.: supervision and project administration. All authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jahangir (Jahan) Tavakkoli.

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Jakhmola, A., Hornsby, T.K., Kashkooli, F.M. et al. Green synthesis of anti-cancer drug-loaded gold nanoparticles for low-intensity pulsed ultrasound targeted drug release. Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-024-01516-x

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