Spectral Demodulation System Based on Two Transmission Volume Bragg Gratings

In this paper, a fiber grating demodulation system based on two transmission volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) was proposed. In order to resolve the problem that the spectral resolution of the present fiber grating demodulation system is not high enough, the two transmission VBGs were applied to improve the spectral resolution and reduce the volume of the spectrometer. The diffraction characteristics of the transmission VBGs were analyzed, and the optical path of the two transmission VBGs demodulation system was designed based on the diffraction characteristics. The grating constant, lens parameters, and aberration correction of the system were analyzed and calculated. The calculation showed that the theoretical wavelength range of the demodulation system was from 1525 nm to 1565 nm and the theoretical optical resolution was 60 pm when the grating constant was 0.9168, the angle between two transmission VBGs was 89°, the focal length of the collimator was 60 mm, and the focal length of the imaging lens was 131.5 mm. The aberration of the system was well corrected by using a lens as the collimator and a reflector as the imaging lens. The system principle prototype was assembled and calibrated, and its performances were experimentally investigated. The results showed that the spectrometer worked stably, with a wavelength range from 1525 nm to 1565 nm, an optical wavelength resolution of 65.3 pm, and a high demodulation speed of 10 kHz.


Introduction
In the past few decades of fast-growing aerospace industry, the aero-engine has been addressed as one of the most important engineering problems in the national defense and civil aviation safety. It is of great significance in monitoring structural state of aero-engine [1]. Conventional electric sensors can hardly meet the needs of in-situ measurement of the aero-engine because it is limited by the low measurement temperature and large volume. The fiber sensor has the potential for the in-situ measurement of the aero-engine, with its advantages of the small size, high temperature resistance, and electromagnetic interference resistance. Recently, many researchers proposed some new fiber sensors to detect strain and temperature under high temperature environments. In 2008, Rao et al. [2] designed the photonic crystal fiber based Fabry-Perot sensor that was insensitive to temperature change within 800 , and the ℃ sensitivity of strain measurement was 0.32 nm/μm. In 2012, F. C. Favero et al. [3] designed a Fabry-Perot (F-P) sensor by using photonic crystal fiber (PCF) and single-mode fiber fused microcavity. And the strain sensitivity of the sensor could reach 10.3 pm/με. In 2015, Liu et al. [4] proposed F-P sensors based on in-fiber reshaped air bubbles with 6 pm/με of the elliptical bubble and 43 pm/με of the rectangular bubble, and the temperature sensitivity of them was both 2 pm/ . In 2011, Wang ℃ et al. [5] found that the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) fabricated by the femtosecond directing writing technology could work stably within 1200 . In 2013, Niu ℃ et al. [6] proposed an FBG high-temperature strain sensor with the strain sensitivity of 369.4 pm/N within 250 .
℃ The FBG sensor (sapphire) fabricated by the femtosecond direct writing technology is expected to measure the temperature and strain of the aero-engine, with its advantages of high temperature resistance, high pressure resistance, electromagnetic interference resistance, small size, and distributed detection which are easy to be implemented [7][8][9]. The melting point of the FBG sensor (sapphire) can be up to 2000 . And the sensitivities of the FBG ℃ sensor to detect the temperature and strain are about 10 pm/ and 1.2 ℃ pm/με according to our previous testing result, which are enough to meet the measurement requirements (1800 and 24000 ℃ με) of the aero-engine with the wavelength range from 1525 nm to 1565 nm. Comparing conventional fiber grating demodulation means, the static demodulation methods, such as the matched grating method [10,11] and tunable F-P filter method [12,13], have a low demodulation speed, which is not suitable for the dynamic real-time monitoring in the aerospace, while the interference method [14,15] is sensitive to the temperature of circumstance. The spectral demodulation method [16,17] is easily and reliably used to measure the central wavelength shift of the reflected light of the fiber grating by a spectrometer. However, they cannot satisfy demodulation demands of high speed (10 kHz), high precision (~100 pm), and volume as small as possible (for airborne), although the resolution of demodulation can be increased by an interpolation fitting. In addition, the sampling rate of some present commercial spectrometers (Ibsen Company) is up to 17 kHz -35 kHz, but the optical wavelength resolution of them is also low.
In this paper, we proposed a new spectral system to demodulate the FBG sensor for increasing the demodulation speed and resolution. The system was based on two transmission volume Bragg gratings (VBGs) and a high-speed InGaAs array detector. The optical characteristics of two transmission VBGs were analyzed, and the external dimensions and parameters of the optical system were optimized. The installation and the system test platform were completed, and the performance of the spectrometer was tested. Figure 1 shows the optical structure, containing a light source, a collimation system, a dispersion system, a spherical reflector, and an InGaAs array photodetector. The light reflected from the FBG sensor was incident on the spectrometer through the fiber coupler. For compacting the structure and avoiding the interference of stray light, a plane reflector tilted at 45° was used. A cemented doublet lens was adopted to collimate light, and simultaneously to correct spherical aberration and chromatic aberration. Especially, we chose two transmission VBGs as the dispersion system. On the one hand, the VBG possessed a high and flat diffraction efficiency [18], increasing the optical resolution of the system. On the other hand, it could reduce the volume of the spectrometer. A spherical reflector was used to focus the beam on the imaging surface of the detector and make imaging quality better, because a mirror doesn't produce chromatic aberration. A high-speed InGaAs array detector was applied to replace the traditional mechanical scanning structure, which increased the demodulation speed.

Optical structure design
where α is the angle between two VBGs.
For the second grating G 2 similarly, the diffraction angle θ 2 can be determined as We can get a one-variable quadratic inequality with respect to sinα as Note that the detection demand of the wavelength range is from 1525 nm to 1565 nm. The calculated the grating constant d should be larger than 0.9168, and the grating lines within 1 mm should be smaller than 1090.8 lines/mm.
According to the market, we chose the grating with 966 lines/mm (absolute diffraction efficiency of more than 90% within the wavelength range from 1525 nm to 1565 nm), and the detector of 2048 pixels (pixel rate of 25 MHz and line rate of 10 kHz) with the pixel resolution of 40 nm/2048.
The solution of (4) is that α should be larger than 85.16°, according to (1) and (3) when i 1 =45°, λ=1565 nm, and d=1 mm/966. The angle α between two VBGs is as large as possible to make sure that there is enough emergent light after the glass base is put on the grating. However, an oversize angle will lead to the looseness of the structure and a poor imaging quality. Therefore, the angle α between two VBGs was determined to be 89° on the basis of the numerical calculation.
Secondly, to match the imaging size with the actual dimension of the InGaAs array detector, the numerical calculation showed that the whole imaging size was 25.8 mm, the radius of the spherical reflector was 263 mm, and the focal length f 2 was 131.5 mm. The clear aperture and outer diameter of the spherical reflector were 30 mm and 34 mm, respectively. And there was 4 mm redundant width of the outer diameter for clamping the lens. We chose the width of 12 mm in the middle part of the spherical reflector for imaging with better quality, because the light would not reach the edge of the mirror.
Thirdly, the angular dispersion and linear dispersion were analyzed. By differentiating (3) The diffraction angle difference is calculated to Photonic Sensors be 10.59°, when the angle α is 89°, the angle i 1 of the incident ray is 45°, and the upper limit λ 1 and the lower limit λ 2 of the wavelength are 1525 nm and 1565 nm, respectively, whereas the diffraction angle difference of the spectrometer based on a single grating is 3.58° with the same conditions. Our design can increase the optical resolution, as well as reduce the volume of the spectrometer. Meanwhile, the linear dispersion Δl can be derived as where y is the silt width of 10 μm, l is the object intercept, l' is the image intercept, and f 1 ' is the collimator focal length. The focal length f 1 of the cemented doublet is calculated to be 36.74 mm. We can increase the focal length f 1 properly while others remain unchanged, which can lead to a smaller slit imaging Δl. Through optimized numerical calculations, the focal length f 1 is determined to be 60 mm for meeting the demands of imaging and easily being processed.
where the pixel number n of the InGaAs detector array is 2048, and λ 1 and λ 2 are 1525 nm and 1565 nm, respectively. So the pixel resolution τ is about 0.02 nm. We know that one spectral line can be identified by three separated pixels. Therefore, the optical wavelength resolution Δλ of this system is 60 pm.
According to the half angular width of line and angular dispersion, the color dispersion of two transmission VBGs is derived as where N is the total number of grating lines within the light area. The light spot size L of the grating can be determined to be 11.75 mm, when λ is 1545 nm, the resolution Δλ is 60 pm, the incident angle i is 45°, and the grating constant d with the unit irradiation area is 1 mm/966. Considering the existing of oblique incidence of 45° angle in this system, the manufacture error, and clamping allowance of the lens, the final clear aperture and outer diameter of cemented doublet are determined to be 9 mm and 11 mm, respectively. The overall optimized structure of the system in ZEMAX is shown in Fig. 2 For better comparison with the single-grating based spectrometer, Fig. 3 shows the relationship between the diffraction angle difference Δθ 2 and the focal length f 2 of the spherical reflector. It can be expressed as 2 2 2 tan 2 When L=25.8 mm, the diffraction angle differences Δθ 2 of two-grating system and single grating system are 10.59° and 3.58°, respectively. If we maintain the same pixel resolution, the calculated distances f 2 from the spherical reflector to the detector is calculated to be 139 mm (two-grating system) and 412 mm (single-grating system), respectively. This indicates that the two-grating system has smaller volume than the single grating system.

Detector
Spherical reflector

Results and discussion
Three typical wavelengths with 1525 nm, 1565 nm, and 1545 nm were used to verify the optical resolution of the system. Figure 4 shows three groups of light spots with wavelength difference of 60 pm on the image plane. Based on Rayleigh criterion, the overlapping of light spots of 1525 nm and 1525.06 nm was 0.017 mm, less than d 1 /2 (d 1 is the diameter of the slit image, as shown in Fig.4), which proved the two light spots could be clearly distinguished. Similarly, the light spots at 1545 nm and 1565 nm could be resolved as well. Therefore, the resolution of two transmission VBGs based spectrometer met the demand of 60 pm.   For measurements of the actual wavelength range and resolution of our system, the tunable laser AQ4321D was chosen as the light source (1520 nm to 1570 nm). It was scanned at a step of 0.01 nm with an output power of 1 mW. We took three typical wavelengths as testing examples.
Figures 6(a) and 6(b) show that the wavelength of 1525 nm is located at the 2026th pixel of the detector, while 1565 nm is corresponding to 29th pixel. In the figures, the value of the y-axis is the sample value of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Our system fulfilled the design requirement of the wavelength range. The pixel resolution τ was 0.02003 nm according to (8). The calibration results of the intermediate wavelength 1545 nm are shown in Fig. 6(c). There were 3.26 pixels included in the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the spectral lines. So, the actual resolution of the spectrometer was 65.3 pm [(0.02003×3.26) pm].
In addition, the light efficiency (~47.2%) of the spectral system depended on the loss of fiber transportation and coupling (~25%), the loss of the cemented doublet (~1%), the loss of the spherical mirror (~1%) and the plane mirror (~1%), and the efficiency of the VBGs (>90%) and InGaAs detector (~80%). We also took measurement for a signal with a period of 100 μs, and our system could clearly detect it, indicating the modulation speed was 10 kHz.

Conclusions
In conclusion, our two transmission VBGs based spectrometer could work well in the wavelength range from 1525 nm to 1565 nm, with the optical wavelength resolution of 65.3 pm and demodulation speed of 10 kHz. Especially, the diffraction angle difference was 10.59°, much larger than that (3.58°) of the traditional single grating based spectrometer, hence reducing the volume of the spectrometer. It can be used to demodulate the signal of fiber grating sensors, with specially high speed and high precision.