Support for Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients—a Systematic Review

Our study objective was to evaluate existing evidence on different types of support received by metastatic breast cancer patients as well as the need for support expressed by such patients. We searched Medline and EMBASE up to January 2019 for survey studies that aimed to assess any type of support among women of any age, with metastatic breast cancer diagnosis. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, then full texts of retrieved records against inclusion/exclusion criteria, and extracted the data and assessed the quality of included studies with AXIS tool. From a total of 2876 abstracts, we selected 100 potentially eligible full-text articles, and finally, we included 12 records reporting on 11 studies. Due to the variability of methods used to measure and define support, it was not possible to quantitatively synthesize data; therefore, we synthesized them narratively. The quality of the included studies was moderate. We found that most patients are satisfied with the received psychosocial, emotional, informational, and medical support. In the analysis of any support received from a certain type of group of people, we found that the majority of patients reported receiving sufficient support from their family, friends, and healthcare providers. Ten studies showed a high need for informational support. If asked about the need for psychosocial, medical, and sexual support, women also declared the need for such support. Our review revealed that the patients generally receive support from their community but they express high need for information and treatment choice. PROSPERO CRD42019127496 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13187-020-01783-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


Introduction
Breast cancer (BC) represents a significant public health burden across the globe. Worldwide, 2.1 million newly diagnosed female breast cancer cases were estimated to occur in 2018, accounting for almost 1 in 4 cancer cases among women [1]. About 5-10% of patients in Western countries are initially diagnosed with advanced (ABC) or metastatic breast cancer (MBC) [2]. It is estimated that approximately 20-30% of early BC patients may recur with MBC [3]. The precise number of MBC patients is unknown, as most cancer registries record primary diagnosis only [4,5].
In 2016, the European School of Oncology established the ABC Global Alliance. It is a platform developed to improve and extend the lives of patients with ABC. In the Global Status of Advanced/Metastatic Breast Cancer 2005-2015 Decade Report [6], the authors stressed the need for holistic, individualized communication about MBC. According to the report, patients declare inadequate communication and understanding. However, so far, no systematic review explored the evidence on support among women with MBC. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to evaluate existing evidence on different types of support received by MBC patients as well as the need for support expressed by them. reviews-PROSPERO (CRD42019127496). In the reporting of the results, we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

Search Strategy
We searched Medline and EMBASE on 18 January 2019 with no language restrictions. Moreover, we searched on portals and websites of professional organizations and reference lists of identified reviews and we contacted experts in the field. We included studies conducted from January 2008 as, after discussion with experts, during the last decade, the progress in the treatment of breast cancer was so pronounced that it might affect results. The search strategy included MESH/Emtree terms and free text words related to metastatic breast cancer, support, and surveys. The search strategy is presented in the Supplementary material.

Studies' Eligibility Criteria
The eligibility criteria for our review included the following: (i) target population: women of any age, with metastatic breast cancer diagnosis (TNM stage IV); studies involving patients with different stages of breast cancer or different types of cancer were included if > 50% of participants suffered from advanced breast cancer; (ii) survey studies published from 2008 (last decade), without language restrictions, investigating any type of support received or expressed by participants such as psychosocial, financial, medical, and informational (studies assessing any of them) as defined by the authors of the study; the frequency and intensity of support preferably measured with validated scales; (iii) studies described in more than one paper were all included but analyzed as one study.
We excluded conference abstracts and poster abstracts because they did not provide sufficient data on methods and results.

Study Selection and Data Extraction
We downloaded search results to reference management software (Mendeley) in order to remove duplicates. Two reviewers (JBC, MG) independently elected articles first on the basis of titles and abstracts using Rayyan application [7] and then based on full text against inclusion/exclusion criteria and resolved disagreements through discussion. Before the screening, reviewers underwent calibration process (of 50 titles and abstracts) twice to check the agreement rate. In both attempts, we reached the pre-assumed 90% agreement rate. Two reviewers extracted data independently and discussed disagreements to reach consensus. Similarly, before extraction, we also carried out the calibration process on 3 papers to rule out major disagreements and we calculated the agreement rate between extractors to be 81%. When we could not reach consensus, we involved a third author (MB).

Quality Assessment
Two independent reviewers (JBC, MG) assessed the quality of each study using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) [8]. We chose this tool as it is specifically designed for cross-sectional studies and only includes items relevant to this design. It includes a total of 20 items (see details in Supplementary material). Each study was awarded "yes" if it satisfactorily met a criterion, while "no" was noted if a study did not meet a criterion. As advised in the tool guide, we also recorded "do not know" responses. We resolved disagreements by a discussion between the two reviewers.

Data Synthesis
We extracted the relevant information from the included studies using a dedicated pre-piloted extraction form, which also included quality assessment. After calibration exercises, we collected the following data: country of the research, study settings, timeframe, study objectives, funding, methodology, and characteristics of the sample population.
The studies defined support in different ways. We extracted the percentage of respondents indicating receiving a certain type of support or expressing the need for such support. Due to substantial variability in the populations including methods used to measure support, different types of support, and different ways of presenting the data, we did not attempt a quantitative synthesis but decided to summarize the data narratively. Because it was not possible to summarize the data quantitatively, we could not explore the potential for publication bias with a funnel plot.
The included studies enrolled a total of 4614 participants from 32 countries. The sample size varied between 52 and 1342 participants, with a median sample size of 419 participants. The questionnaires used by the researchers to measure support varied to a great extent.
Results of the quality assessment with AXIS are presented in the Supplementary material. As the tool guide does not specify how to summarize the results, in order to simplify the assessment, we presented the total number of "yes" awarded by each study in the study characteristics. The criteria that were most commonly (in more than half of the studies) not met or not reported included sample size justification, sampling frame, sample selection, response rate, and nonresponders categorization. We analyzed both support already received by women and support as an expressed need ( Table 2).

Support Received
The authors assessed any type of support received by patients, as well as emotional, psychosocial, informational, and medical support. The highest number of studies (7) reported on any type of support without any further specification of the type of support but with a specified support provider. The majority of patients received support from their family, friends, and healthcare providers, but the minority of them reported satisfaction with support from support groups and social services. The detailed information concerning sources of support is presented in Table 3.

Support as Expressed Need
The authors assess informational, medical, emotional, and sexual needs for support. Ten out of 11 studies reported on the need for informational support among MBC patients. Most women required information regarding different issues related to their diseases, such as treatment, disease, symptoms, and side effects. The detailed information concerning topics of interest of patients is presented in the Supplementary material. The need for medical support was assessed in 2 studies. The results are consistent: about one-third of MBC patients want to have access to more treatment choices.

Discussion
Our review revealed that the patients generally receive support from their community but they express high need for information and treatment choice.
This study is the first systematic review in this field, providing a critical summary of the current situation for healthcare providers, policy-makers, and healthcare managers.
In our literature search, we found no data from underdeveloped countries. That stays in accordance with the results of the literature search performed by the authors of the Global Table 2 The types of support that were assessed and the proportion of patients reporting receiving or needing these types of support   Report [6]. They found commonality in many of the personal challenges faced by patients with MBC, but the country in which they were living was the most important factor influencing the appropriate level of support. We also found wide variability in the proportions of patients reporting receiving and needing support. It seems that European patients [11] are less satisfied with the support received from family than globally analyzed patients from North and South America, Africa, and Europe [19]. The results of the assessment of support from healthcare providers stay in accordance irrespectively of origin. Support groups seem ineffective both in Europe and Australia. It is hard to compare the levels of psychosocial support as we only found two studies, one with the smallest number of participants, coming from Romania, and one from Australia. Two authors assessed the emotional support, with the total number of participants being almost 2000 and the results are consistent. It seems that patients from the USA have the highest informational needs [10,12,16,19]. We suppose that is related to higher population awareness and more patients' involvement in decision-making in the USA than in Europe. Our research is not free from limitations. The ranges of the tools and measures used in the analyzed research varied to a large extent; therefore, it was not possible to quantitatively synthesize the results of all studies in meta-analysis. Moreover, several studies did not provide data necessary for meta-analysis or data necessary to explore heterogeneity (such as characteristics of the study population). Another concern is a possible selection bias that could be attributed to the subject of the questionnaire, i.e., patients dissatisfied with the support they receive might be especially interested in expressing their opinions.
The lack of validated tools limits the comparability of the results and could even raise concerns about the validity of certain studies. Only three studies reported on the validation of the survey [9,12,14] while one form was pretested only [10].
Our quality assessment revealed the moderate quality of the included studies. Most studies did not provide sample size justification, sample selection, nor response rate and nonresponder categorization which might have introduced selection bias. Therefore, studies properly planned, using validated tools, explaining sample selections are needed.
Despite our comprehensive search, we cannot exclude the possibility that we missed studies which remained unpublished. Additionally, we excluded studies published only as conference or poster abstracts only, as they did not provide sufficient data on methods and results.
Because quantitative analysis using meta-analysis was not possible, we were unable to assess the publication bias with the funnel plot. Hence, we cannot exclude possible publication bias.
The strength of this study to be underlined is the wellrecognized rigorous method of systematic review following the protocol with defined methods registered in PROSPERO.
This systematic review contributes new valuable information to the body of literature in the field of metastatic breast cancer.

Conclusions
The findings of this review shed light on the needs of MBC patients as well as on the fact that researchers pay little interest in the exploration of the types and amount of support received and expressed by MBC women. The global community must work upon a strong foundation of knowledge on which to take steps forward towards a multi-stakeholder drive for change.

Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or Informed Consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
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