On the explicit representation of the trace space $H^{\frac{3}{2}}$ and of the solutions to biharmonic Dirichlet problems on Lipschitz domains via multi-parameter Steklov problems

We consider the problem of describing the traces of functions in $H^2(\Omega)$ on the boundary of a Lipschitz domain $\Omega$ of $\mathbb R^N$, $N\geq 2$. We provide a definition of those spaces, in particular of $H^{\frac{3}{2}}(\partial\Omega)$, by means of Fourier series associated with the eigenfunctions of new multi-parameter biharmonic Steklov problems which we introduce with this specific purpose. These definitions coincide with the classical ones when the domain is smooth. Our spaces allow to represent in series the solutions to the biharmonic Dirichlet problem. Moreover, a few spectral properties of the multi-parameter biharmonic Steklov problems are considered, as well as explicit examples. Our approach is similar to that developed by G. Auchmuty for the space $H^1(\Omega)$, based on the classical second order Steklov problem.

A relevant problem in the theory of Sobolev Spaces consists in describing the total trace space Γ(H 2 (Ω)).This problem has important implications in the study of solutions to fourth order elliptic partial differential equations.If the domain Ω is of class C 1,1 , then it is known that Γ(H 2 (Ω)) = H (∂Ω) are the classical Sobolev spaces of fractional order (see e.g., [19,24] for their definitions).However, if Ω is an arbitrary bounded domain of class C 0,1 there is no such a simple description and not many results are available in the literature.We note that a complete description of the traces of all derivatives up to order m−1 of a function u ∈ H m (Ω) can be found in [6] which provides an explicit but quite technical representation theorem.Simpler descriptions are not available with the exception of a few special cases.For example, when Ω is a polygon in R 2 the trace spaces are described by using the classical trace theorem applied to each side of the polygon, complemented with suitable compatibility conditions at the vertexes, see [19] also for higher dimensional polyhedra.For more general planar domains another simple description is given in [17].
Thus, the definition of the space H 3 2 (∂Ω) turns out to be problematic and for this reason sometimes the space H 3 2 (∂Ω) is simply defined by setting H 3 2 (∂Ω) := γ 0 (H 2 (Ω)) without providing an explicit representation.Note that standard definitions of H s (∂Ω) when s ∈ (1,2] require that Ω is of class at least C 1,1 . In the present paper we provide decompositions of the space H 2 (Ω) of the form H 2 (Ω) = H 2 µ,D (Ω) + H 2 0,N (Ω) and H 2 (Ω) = H 2 λ,N (Ω) + H 2 0,D (Ω).The spaces H 2 0,N (Ω) and H 2 0,D (Ω) are the subspaces of H 2 (Ω) of those functions u such that γ 1 (u) = 0 and γ 0 (u) = 0, respectively.The spaces H 2 µ,D (Ω) and H 2 λ,N (Ω) are associated with suitable Steklov problems of biharmonic type (namely, problems (BS µ ) and (BS λ ) described here below), depending on real parameters µ, λ, and admit Fourier bases of Steklov eigenfunctions, see (3.5) and (3.15).Under the sole assumptions that Ω is of class C 0,1 , we use those bases to define in a natural way two spaces at the boundary which we denote by S 3 2 (∂Ω) and S 1 2 (∂Ω) and we prove that and see Theorem 4.1.Thus, if one would like to define the space H 3 2 (∂Ω) as γ 0 (H 2 (Ω)), our result gives an explicit description of H 3 2 (∂Ω).It turns out that the analysis of problems (BS µ )-(BS λ ) provides further information on the total trace Γ(H 2 (Ω)).In particular, we prove the inclusion Γ(H 2 (Ω)) ⊆ S 3 2 (∂Ω) × S 1 2 (∂Ω) and show that in general this inclusion is strict if Ω is assumed to be only of class C 0,1 .Moreover, we show that any couple (f, g) ∈ S If Ω is of class C 1,1 , we recover the classical result, namely Γ(H 2 (Ω)) = S The two families of problems which we are going to introduce depend on a parameter σ ∈ − 1 N −1 , 1 , which in applications to linear elasticity represents the Poisson coefficient of the elastic material of the underlying system for N = 2.
The first family of BS µ -'Biharmonic Steklov µ' problems is defined as follows: in the unknowns v, λ(µ), where µ ∈ R is fixed.Here D 2 u denotes the Hessian matrix of u, div ∂Ω F := divF − (∇F • ν)ν denotes the tangential divergence of a vector field F and F ∂Ω := F − (F • ν)ν denotes the tangential component of F .
The second family of BS λ -'Biharmonic Steklov λ' problems is defined as follows: in the unknowns u, µ(λ), where λ ∈ R is fixed.Note that since Ω is assumed to be of class C 0,1 , problems (BS µ ) and (BS λ ) have to be considered in the weak sense, see (3.4) and (3.14) for the appropriate formulations.
Up to our knowledge, the Steklov problems (BS µ ) and (BS λ ) are new in the literature.Other Steklov-type problems for the biharmonic operator have been discussed in the literature.We mention the DBS -'Dirichlet Biharmonic Steklov' problem (DBS) in the unknowns v, η, and the NBS -'Neumann Biharmonic Steklov' problem in the unknowns u, ξ.Problem (DBS) for σ = 1 has been studied by many authors (see e.g., [3,7,13,14,15,20,23]); for the case σ = 1 we refer to [8], see also [4,14] for σ = 0. Problem (NBS) has been discussed in [20,22,23] for σ = 1.We point out that problem (BS λ ) with σ = λ = 0 has been introduced in [10] as the natural fourth order generalization of the classical Steklov problem for the Laplacian (see also [9]).As we shall see, problem (BS λ ) shares much more analogies with the classical Steklov problem than those already presented in [10], in particular it plays a role in describing the space γ 0 (H 2 (Ω)) similar to that played by the Steklov problem for the Laplacian in describing γ 0 (H 1 (Ω)) (cf.[2]).If µ < 0, problem (BS µ ) has a discrete spectrum which consists of a divergent sequence {λ j (µ)} ∞ j=1 of non-negative eigenvalues of finite multiplicity.Similarly, if λ < η 1 , where η 1 > 0 is the first eigenvalue of (DBS), problem (BS λ ) has a discrete spectrum which consists of a divergent sequence {µ j (λ)} ∞ j=1 of eigenvalues of finite multiplicity and bounded from below.(For other values of µ and λ the description of the spectra of (BS µ ) and (BS λ ) is more involved, see Appendix C.) The eigenfunctions associated with the eigenvalues λ j (µ) define a Hilbert basis of the above mentioned space H 2 µ,D (Ω) which is the orthogonal complement in H 2 (Ω) of H 2 0,N (Ω) with respect to a suitable scalar product.Moreover, the normal derivatives of those eigenfunctions allow to define the above mentioned space S 1 2 (∂Ω), see (4.2).Similarly, the eigenfunctions associated with the eigenvalues µ j (λ) define a Hilbert basis of the space H 2 λ,N (Ω) which is the orthogonal complement in H 2 (Ω) of H 2 0,D (Ω) with respect to a suitable scalar product.Moreover, the traces of those eigenfunctions allow to define the space S 3 2 (∂Ω), see (4.1).The definitions in (4.1) and (4.2) are given by means of Fourier series and the coefficients in such expansions need to satisfy certain summability conditions, which are strictly related to the asymptotic behavior of the eigenvalues of (BS λ ) and (BS µ ).Note that and the space S 1 2 (∂Ω) with the space Observe the natural appearance of the exponents under the sole assumption that Ω is of class C 0,1 , and to represent in Fourier series the solutions.We note that different necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of problem (1.4) in the space H(∆, Ω) = u ∈ H 1 (Ω) : ∆u ∈ L 2 (Ω) have been found in [4] by using the (DBS) problem with σ = 1 and the classical Dirichlet-to-Neumann map.We refer to [5,27,28] for a different approach to the solvability of higher order problems on Lipschitz domains.Since we have not been able to find problems (BS µ ) and (BS λ ) in the literature, we believe that it is worth including in the present paper also some information on their spectral behavior, which may have a certain interest on its own.In particular, we prove Lipschitz continuity results for the functions µ → λ j (µ) and λ → µ j (λ) and we show that problems (DBS) and (NBS) can be seen as limiting problems for (BS µ ) and (BS λ ) as µ → −∞ and λ → −∞, respectively.We also perform a complete study of the eigenvalues in the unit ball in R N for σ = 0, and we discuss the asymptotic behavior of λ j (µ) and µ j (λ) on smooth domains when j → +∞.Finally, we briefly discuss problems (BS µ ) and (BS λ ) also when µ > 0 and λ > η 1 .
Our approach is similar to that developed by G. Auchmuty in [2] for the trace space of H 1 (Ω), based on the classical second order Steklov problem ∆u = 0 , in Ω, ∂u ∂ν = λu , on ∂Ω.We also refer to [25] for related results.
This paper is organized as follows.In Section 2 we introduce some notation and discuss a few preliminary results.In Section 3 we discuss problems (BS µ ) and (BS λ ) when µ < 0 and λ < η 1 .In Section 4 we define the spaces S 3 2 (∂Ω) and S 1 2 (∂Ω) and the representation theorems for the trace spaces of H 2 (Ω).In Subsection 4.1 we prove a representation result for the solutions of the biharmonic Dirichlet problem.In Appendix A we provide a complete description of problems (BS µ ) and (BS λ ) on the unit ball for σ = 0.In Appendix B we briefly discuss asymptotic laws for the eigenvalues.In Appendix C we discuss problems (BS µ ) and (BS λ ) when µ > 0 and λ > η 1 .

Preliminaries and notation
For a bounded domain (i.e., a bounded open connected set) Ω in R N , we denote by H 1 (Ω) the standard Sobolev space of functions in L 2 (Ω) with all weak derivatives of the first order in L 2 (Ω) endowed with its standard norm u for all u ∈ H 1 (Ω).Note that in this paper we consider L 2 (Ω) as a space of real-valued functions and we always assume N ≥ 2. By H 2 (Ω) we denote the standard Sobolev space of functions in L 2 (Ω) with all weak derivatives of the first and second order in L 2 (Ω) endowed with the norm u H 2 (Ω) := is the space of all functions in C ∞ (Ω) with compact support in Ω.If the boundary is sufficiently regular (e.g., if Ω is of class C 0,1 ), the norm defined by |α|≤2 D α u L 2 (Ω) is a norm on H 2 (Ω) equivalent to the standard one.
By definition, a domain of class C 0,1 is such that locally around each point of its boundary it can be described as the sub-graph of a Lipschitz continuous function.Also, we shall say that Ω is of class C 1,1 if locally around each point of its boundary the domain can be described as the sub-graph of a function of class C 1,1 .
It is easy to see that if Ω is a bounded domain of class C 0,1 then the space H 2 (Ω) can be endowed with the equivalent norm We set It is useful to recall the so-called biharmonic Green formula (2.1) valid for all sufficiently smooth ψ, ϕ, see [1].The biharmonic functions in H 2 (Ω) are defined as those functions u ∈ H 2 (Ω) such that Ω D 2 u : D 2 ϕdx = 0 for all ϕ ∈ H 2 0 (Ω), or equivalently, thanks to (2.1), those functions u ∈ H 2 (Ω) such that Ω ∆u∆ϕdx = 0 for all ϕ ∈ H 2 0 (Ω) .We denote by B N (Ω) the space of biharmonic functions with zero normal derivative, that is the orthogonal complement of . By formula (2.1) and a standard approximation we deduce that We note that B N (Ω) is the space of the biharmonic functions in H 2 0,N (Ω).Thus H 2 0,N (Ω) = H 2 0 (Ω) ⊕ B N (Ω).Analogously, we denote by B D the space of biharmonic functions with zero boundary trace, that is the orthogonal complement of . By formula (2.1) and standard approximation we deduce that (2.5) We note that B D (Ω) is the space of biharmonic functions in Finally, by N we denote the set of positive natural numbers and by N 0 the set N ∪ {0}.

Multi-parameter Steklov problems
In this section we provide the appropriate weak formulations of problems (BS µ ) and (BS λ ).In particular we prove that both problems have discrete spectrum provided µ < 0 and λ < η 1 , respectively.Here η 1 is the first eigenvalue of problem (3.1) below, which is the weak formulation of (DBS).We remark that η 1 > 0 and that ξ 1 = 0 is the first eigenvalue of problem (NBS), hence the condition µ < 0 reads µ < ξ 1 .We also provide a variational characterization of the eigenvalues.
Through all this section Ω will be a bounded domain of class C 0,1 and σ ∈ − 1 N −1 , 1 will be fixed.
Problem (DBS) is understood in the weak sense as follows: (3.1) ) is justified by formula (2.1).Indeed, by applying formula (2.1), one can easily see that if v is a smooth solution to problem (3.1), then v is a solution to the classical problem (DBS) (the same considerations can be done for all other problems discussed in this paper).
We have the following theorem.
The eigenvalues of problem (3.1) have finite multiplicity and are given by a non-decreasing sequence of positive real numbers η j defined by where each eigenvalue is repeated according to its multiplicity.Moreover, there exists a Hilbert basis {v j } ∞ j=1 of B D (Ω) of eigenfunctions v j associated with the eigenvalues η j .Finally, by normalizing the eigenfunctions v j with respect to Q σ for all j ≥ 1, the functions vj := √ η j γ 1 (v j ) define a Hilbert basis of L 2 (∂Ω) with respect to its standard scalar product.
Problem (NBS) is understood in the weak sense as follows: in the unknowns u ∈ H 2 0,N (Ω), ξ ∈ R. We have the following theorem.
The eigenvalues of problem (3.3) have finite multiplicity and are given by a non-decreasing sequence of non-negative real numbers ξ j defined by , where each eigenvalue is repeated according to its multiplicity.The first eigenvalue ξ 1 = 0 has multiplicity one and the corresponding eigenfunctions are the constant functions on Ω.Moreover, there exists a Hilbert basis {u j } ∞ j=1 of B N (Ω) of eigenfunctions u j associated with the eigenvalues ξ j .Finally, by normalizing the eigenfunctions u j with respect to Q σ for all j ≥ 2, the functions ûj := ξ j γ 0 (u j ), j ≥ 2, and û1 = |∂Ω| −1/2 define a Hilbert basis of L 2 (∂Ω) with respect to its standard scalar product.
The proofs of Theorems 3.1 and 3.2 can be carried out exactly as those of Theorems 3.3 and 3.10 presented in Subsections 3.2 and 3.3.Note that the condition σ ∈ − 1 N −1 , 1 is used to guarantee the coercivity of the form Q σ discussed in the previous section.

3.2.
The BS µ eigenvalue problem.For any µ ∈ R, the weak formulation of problem (BS µ ) reads (3.4) in the unknowns v ∈ H 2 (Ω), λ(µ) ∈ R, and can be re-written as We prove that for all µ < 0, problem (BS µ ) admits an increasing sequence of eigenvalues of finite multiplicity diverging to +∞ and the corresponding eigenfunctions form a basis of Ω) .To do so, we recast problem (3.4) in the form of an eigenvalue problem for a compact self-adjoint operator acting on a Hilbert space.We consider on H 2 (Ω) the equivalent norm By the Riesz Theorem it follows that B µ,D is a surjective isometry.Then we consider the operator The operator J 1 is compact since γ 1 is a compact operator from H 2 (Ω) to L 2 (∂Ω).Finally, we set and the non-zero eigenvalues of T µ,D coincide with the reciprocals of the eigenvalues of (3.4), the eigenfunctions being the same.
We are now ready to prove the following theorem.
Then the eigenvalues of (3.4) have finite multiplicity and are given by a nondecreasing sequence of positive real numbers {λ j (µ)} ∞ j=1 defined by where each eigenvalue is repeated according to its multiplicity.Moreover there exists a basis {v j,µ } ∞ j=1 of H 2 µ,D (Ω) of eigenfunctions v j,µ associated with the eigenvalues λ j (µ).
By normalizing the eigenfunctions v j,µ with respect to Q µ,D , the functions defined by ∞ j=1 form a Hilbert basis of L 2 (∂Ω) with respect to its standard scalar product.
Proof.Since Ker T µ,D = H 2 0,N , by the Hilbert-Schmidt Theorem applied to the compact self-adjoint operator T µ,D it follows that T µ,D admits an increasing sequence of positive eigenvalues {q j } ∞ j=1 bounded from above, converging to zero and a corresponding Hilbert basis {v j,µ } ∞ j=1 of eigenfunctions of H 2 µ,D (Ω).Since q = 0 is an eigenvalue of T µ,D if and only if λ = 1 q is an eigenvalue of (3.4) with the same eigenfunctions, we deduce the validity of the first part of the statement.In particular, formula (3.8) follows from the standard minmax formula for the eigenvalues of compact self-adjoint operators.Note that λ To prove the final part of the theorem, we recast problem (3.4) into an eigenvalue problem for the compact self-adjoint operator We apply again the Hilbert-Schmidt Theorem and observe that T µ,D and T ′ µ,D admit the same non-zero eigenvalues and that the eigenfunctions of T ′ µ,D are exactly the normal derivatives of the eigenfunctions of T µ,D .From (3.4) we deduce that if the eigenfunctions v j,µ of T µ,D are normalized by Q µ,D (v j,µ , v k,µ ) = δ jk , where δ jk is the Kronecker symbol, then the normalization of the traces of their normal derivatives in L 2 (∂Ω) are obtained by multiplying γ 1 (v j,µ ) by λ j (µ).This concludes the proof.
We present now a few results on the behavior of the eigenvalues of (3.4) for µ ∈ (−∞, 0), in particular we prove a Lipschitz continuity result for the eigenvalues λ j (µ) with respect to µ and find their limits as µ → −∞.Theorem 3.4.For any j ∈ N and δ > 0, the function Proof.Without loss of generality we assume that µ 1 , µ 2 ∈ (−∞, −δ] and that By taking the infimum and the supremum over j dimensional subspaces of H 2 (Ω) into (3.9) and (3.10), and by (3.8), we get This concludes the proof.
We now investigate the behavior of the eigenvalues λ j (µ) as µ → −∞.First, we need to recall a few facts about the convergence of operators defined on variable spaces.As customary, we consider families of spaces and operators depending on a small parameter ε ≥ 0 with ε → 0. This will be applied later with ε = − 1 µ and µ → −∞.Let us denote by H ε a family of Hilbert spaces for all ε ∈ [0, ε 0 ) and assume that there exists a corresponding family of linear operators E ε : We recall the definition of compact convergence of operators in the sense of [26].Definition 3.5.We say that a family in the sense that for all sequences ε n → 0 there exist a sub-sequence We also recall the following theorem, where by spectral convergence of a family of operators we mean the convergence of the eigenvalues and the convergence of the eigenfunctions in the sense of [26], see also [14, §2].Theorem 3.6.Let {K ε } ε∈[0,ε 0 ) be non-negative, compact self-adjoint operators in the Hilbert spaces H ε .Assume that their eigenvalues are given by {σ j (ε)} ∞ j=1 .If K ε compactly converge to K 0 , then there is spectral convergence of K ε to K 0 as ε → 0. In particular, for every j ∈ N σ j (ε) → σ j (0) , as ε → 0.
and J 1 is defined in (3.6).By the Riesz Theorem it follows that B D is a surjective isometry.The operator T D is the resolvent operator associated with problem (3.1) and plays the same role of T µ,D defined in (3.7).In fact, as in the proof of Theorem 3.3 it is possible to show that T D admits an increasing sequence of non-zero eigenvalues {q j } ∞ j=1 bounded from above and converging to 0. Moreover, a number q = 0 is an eigenvalue of T D if and only if η = 1 q is an eigenvalue of (3.1), with the same eigenfunctions.
We have now a family of compact self-adjoint operators T µ,D each defined on the Hilbert space H 2 (Ω) endowed with the scalar product Q µ,D , and the compact self-adjoint operator T D defined on H 2 0,D (Ω) endowed with the scalar product Q σ .We are ready to state and prove the following theorem.
Proof.For each µ ∈ (−∞, 0) we define the map We start by proving i).By the assumptions in i), it follows that u µ is uniformly bounded in H 2 (Ω) for µ in a neighborhood of −∞.Indeed, by definition hence, by choosing ϕ = T µ,D (u µ ), we find that the family {T µ,D (u µ )} µ<0 is bounded in H 2 (Ω).Thus, possibly passing to a sub-sequence, T µ,D (u µ ) ⇀ v in H 2 (Ω), and Ω) and passing to the limit in (3.13) we have that Moreover, the convergence is stronger because which proves point i).
Note that the equality The proof of point ii) is similar.
This implies that γ 0 (u) = 0 and that u ∈ H 2 0,D (Ω).Then it is possible to repeat the same arguments above to conclude the validity of (3.12) with v = T D (u).
Thus T µ,D compactly converges to T D and (3.11) follows by Theorem 3.6.
Remark 3.8.We also note that each eigenvalue λ j (µ) is non-increasing with respect to µ, for µ ∈ (−∞, 0).In fact from the Min-Max Principle (3.8) it immediately follows that for all j ∈ N, Now we consider the behavior of the first eigenvalue as µ → 0 − .Lemma 3.9.We have lim Proof.Let p ∈ R N be fixed.From (3.8) we get , for all µ ∈ (−∞, 0).By letting µ → 0 − we obtain the result.

3.3.
The BS λ eigenvalue problem.The weak formulation of problem (BS λ ) reads (3.14) in the unknowns u ∈ H 2 (Ω), µ(λ) ∈ R, and can be re-written as We prove that for all λ < η 1 , where η 1 is the first eigenvalue of (DBS), problem (BS λ ) admits an increasing sequence of eigenvalues of finite multiplicity diverging to +∞ and the corresponding eigenfunctions form a basis of H 2 λ,N (Ω), where Since in general Q λ,N is not a scalar product, we find it convenient to consider on H 2 (Ω) the norm , where b > 0 is a fixed number which is chosen as follows.If λ < 0, no restrictions are required on b > 0, since the norm • λ,N is equivalent to the standard norm of H 2 (Ω) for all b > 0. Assume now that 0 ≤ λ < η 1 .From Theorem 3.7 and Lemma 3.9 we have that (0, η 1 ) ⊆ λ 1 ((−∞, 0)), hence there exists µ ∈ (−∞, 0) and ε ∈ (0, 1) such that . Thus, by choosing any b satisfying it follows by (3.17) and (3.18) that • λ,N is a norm equivalent to the standard norm of H 2 (Ω).
The norm • λ,N is associated with the scalar product defined by for all u, ϕ ∈ H 2 (Ω).
We now recast problem (3.14) in the form of an eigenvalue problem for a compact selfadjoint operator acting on a Hilbert space.To do so, we define the operator B λ,N from H 2 (Ω) to its dual (H 2 (Ω)) ′ by setting By the Riesz Theorem it follows that B λ,N is a surjective isometry.Then we consider the operator J 0 from H 2 (Ω) to (H 2 (Ω)) ′ defined by The operator J 0 is compact since γ 0 is a compact operator from H 2 (Ω) to L 2 (∂Ω).Finally, we set λ,N • J 0 .From the compactness of J 0 and the boundedness of B λ,N it follows that T λ,N is a compact operator from H 2 (Ω) to itself.Moreover, B λ,N (u), ϕ λ,N = (γ 0 (u), γ 0 (ϕ)) ∂Ω , for all u, ϕ ∈ H 2 (Ω), hence T λ,N is self-adjoint.
Note that Ker T λ,N = Ker J 0 = H 2 0,D (Ω) and the non-zero eigenvalues of T λ,N coincide with the reciprocals of the eigenvalues of (3.14) shifted by b, the eigenfunctions being the same.
We are now ready to prove the following theorem.
If 0 < λ < η 1 , then by (3.11) and Lemma 3.9, there exists µ < 0 such that λ 1 (µ) = λ, hence µ is an eigenvalue of (3.14).Moreover, by definition we have that for all u ∈ H 2 (Ω) To prove the final part of the theorem, we recast problem (3.14) into an eigenvalue problem for the compact self-adjoint operator λ,N • J ′ 0 , where J ′ 0 denotes the map from L 2 (∂Ω) to the dual of H 2 (Ω) defined by We apply again the Hilbert-Schmidt Theorem and observe that T λ,N and T ′ λ,N admit the same non-zero eigenvalues and that the eigenfunctions of T ′ λ,N are exactly the traces of the eigenfunctions of T λ,N .From (3.14) we deduce that if we normalize the eigenfunction u j,λ of T λ,N associated with positive eigenvalues and we denote them by ũj,λ , then the normalization of their traces in L 2 (∂Ω) are obtained by multiplying γ 0 (ũ j,λ ) by µ j (λ).The rest of the proof easily follows.
As we have done for problem (3.4), we present now a few results on the behavior of the eigenvalues of (3.14) for λ ∈ (−∞, η 1 ).We have the following theorem on the Lipschitz continuity of eigenvalues, the proof of which is similar to that of Theorem 3.4 and is accordingly omitted.Theorem 3.11.For any j ∈ N and δ > 0, the functions We now investigate the behavior of the eigenvalues µ j (λ) as λ → −∞.In order state the analogue of Theorem 3.7, we consider the operator T N : H 2 0,N (Ω) → H 2 0,N (Ω) defined by T N = B (−1) N • J 0 , where B N is the operator from H 2 0,N (Ω) to its dual (H 2 0,N (Ω)) ′ given by and b has the same value as in the definition of the operator T λ,N , see (3.18), and J 0 is defined in (3.20).Note that the constant b can be chosen to be independent of λ for λ < 0.
By the Riesz Theorem it follows that B N is a surjective isometry.The operator T N is the resolvent operator associated with problem (3.3) and plays the same role of T λ,N defined in (3.21).In fact, as in the proof of Theorem 3.10 it is possible to show that T N admits an increasing sequence of non-zero eigenvalues {p j } ∞ j=1 bounded from above and converging to 0. Moreover, a number p = 0 is an eigenvalue of T N if and only if ξ = 1 p − b is an eigenvalue of (3.3), with the same eigenfunctions.
We have now a family of compact self-adjoint operators T λ,N each defined on the Hilbert space H 2 (Ω) endowed with the scalar product (3.19), and the compact self-adjoint operator T N defined on H 2 0,N (Ω) endowed with the scalar product defined by the right-hand side of (3.23).We have the following theorem, the proof of which is similar to that of Theorem 3.7 and is accordingly omitted.

Characterization of trace spaces of H 2 (Ω) via biharmonic Steklov eigenvalues
In this section we shall use the Hilbert basis of eigenfunctions v j,µ and vj,µ given by Theorem 3.3 and the Hilbert basis of eigenfunctions u j,λ , ûj,λ given by Theorem 3.10, for all µ ∈ (−∞, 0) and λ ∈ (−∞, η 1 ).We recall that by definition, the functions v j,µ and u j,λ are normalized with respect to ∂Ω respectively, while vj,µ and ûj,λ are normalized with respect to the standard scalar product of L 2 (∂Ω).
We will also denote by l 2 the space of sequences s = (s j ) ∞ j=1 of real numbers satisfying s 2 l 2 = ∞ j=1 s 2 j < ∞.We define the spaces (4.1) These spaces are endowed with the natural norms defined by where j 0 is as in Theorem 3.10, and Recall that if λ = 0, j 0 = N + 2 and if λ < 0, then j 0 = 2.
These spaces allow to describe the trace spaces for H 2 (Ω).In particular, S µ (∂Ω) turn out to be independent of λ and µ.Namely, we have the following.
Theorem 4.1.Let Ω be a bounded domain in R N of class C 0,1 .Then λ (∂Ω)) and In particular, the spaces S  Proof.Let us begin by proving (4.3).By the definition of H 2 λ,N (Ω) given in (3.15) and by Theorem 3.10 we have that any u ∈ H 2 (Ω) can be written as for some coefficients a j satisfying ∞ j=1 a 2 j < ∞.Here {u j,λ } ∞ j=1 is a orthonormal basis of H 2 λ,N (Ω) with respect to the scalar product (3.19) with b satisfying (3.18).Let j 0 be as in Theorem 3.10.Hence we can write are the eigenfunctions normalized with respect to Q λ,N and ãj still satisfy ∞ j=j 0 +1 ã2 j < ∞ (in fact 0 < Q λ,N (u j,λ , u j,λ ) ≤ 1 for all j ≥ j 0 ).Clearly γ 0 (u) = γ 0 (u λ ), hence by the continuity of the trace operator we have that where we have set for j = 1, ..., j 0 − 1 and âj = ãj λ (∂Ω).We prove now the opposite inclusion.Let f ∈ S The proof of (4.4) follows the same lines as that of (4.3) and is accordingly omitted.
We deduce then that the spaces S µ (∂Ω) do not depend on the particular choice of λ ∈ (−∞, η 1 ) and µ ∈ (−∞, 0).In particular, we have proved that Ω). Indeed, given u ∈ H 2 (Ω), one can find by the classical Total Trace Theorem a function u 1 ∈ H 2 (Ω) such that γ 0 (u 1 ) = 0 and γ 1 (u 1 ) = γ 1 (u).Thus u = u 1 + (u − u 1 ) with γ 1 (u − u 1 ) = 0 and the claim is proved.Thus the existence of functions v D and u N follows by (4.7) and the function u Remark 4.2.Theorem 4.1 gives an explicit spectral characterization of the space γ 0 (H 2 (Ω)) of traces of functions in H 2 (Ω) when Ω is a bounded domain of class C 0,1 in R N .This space corresponds to H 3 2 (∂Ω) when Ω is of class C 1,1 .In this case explicit descriptions of the space H 3 2 (∂Ω) are available in the literature and typically are given by means local charts and explicit representation of derivatives, see e.g., [19,24].
For domains of class C 0,1 , it is not clear what is the appropriate definition of H According to this definition, Theorem 4.1 implies that H From Theorem 4.1 it follows that if Ω is a domain of class C 0,1 , then ∂Ω), and equality holds if Ω is of class C 1,1 .We observe that if Ω is not of class C 1,1 , then in general equality does not hold in (4.8).Indeed, we have the following counterexample.
In order to characterize those couples (f, g) ∈ S The spaces S Here ûj = ξ j γ 0 (u j ), j ≥ 2, where {u j } ∞ j=1 is a Hilbert basis of eigenfunctions of problem (3.3), normalized with respect to Q σ , with the understanding that u 1 and û1 equal the constant |∂Ω| −1/2 , and vj = √ η j γ 1 (v j ), where {v j } ∞ j=1 is a Hilbert basis of eigenfunctions of problem (3.1) normalized with respect to Q σ .
Note that ).One can see by similar arguments as in Counterexample 4.3 that in general We are now ready to characterize the trace space Γ(H 2 (Ω)) for domains Ω of class C 0,1 .
Theorem 4.4.Let Ω be a bounded domain in µ (∂Ω) be given by where a j are given by (4.5).
Proof.Assume that (f, g) ∈ Γ(H 2 (Ω)).Then f = γ 0 (u λ + v D ) where v D ∈ H 2 0,D (Ω) and u λ = ∞ j=1 a j u j,λ with the coefficients a j given by (4.5).Moreover, g = γ 1 (u λ + v D ) by the continuity of the trace operator.We deduce that This proves (4.13).Vice versa, assume that (4.13) holds.Then there exist by (4.6).The proof of the second part of the statement follows the same lines as that of the first part and is accordingly omitted.(∂Ω) and satisfies condition (4.13) or, equivalently, condition (4.14).In this case, if f, g are represented as in (4.12), then the solution u can be represented in each of the following two forms: i) if u λ := ∞ j=1 a j u j,λ where a j are given by (4.5) and g − γ 1 (u λ ) is represented by Moreover the solution u is unique Proof.The first part of the statement is an immediate consequence of Theorem 4.4.Indeed, if there exists a solution u ∈ H 2 (Ω) then (f, g) belongs to Γ(H 2 (Ω)), hence it satisfies (4.13) and (4.14).

Appendix A. Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions on the ball
In this section we compute the eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions of (BS µ ) and (BS λ ) when Ω = B is the unit ball in R N centered at the origin and σ = 0.It is convenient to use spherical coordinates (r, θ), where θ = (θ 1 , ..., θ N −1 ).The corresponding transformation of coordinates is The boundary conditions for fixed parameters λ, µ ∈ R (A.1) for all l ∈ N. We have shown that the branches of eigenvalues λ (l) (µ) and µ (l) (λ) are analytic functions of their parameters on R \ {ξ (l) } l∈N 0 and R \ {η (l) } l∈N 0 respectively.In particular, the branch λ (l) (µ) is a equilateral hyperbole with η (l) as horizontal asymptote and ξ (l) as vertical asymptote, if l ≥ 1, while it is coincides with {(µ, 1) : µ ∈ R} for l = 0.The branch µ (l) (λ) is a equilateral hyperbole with ξ (l) as horizontal asymptote and η (l) as vertical asymptote, if l ≥ 1, while it is coincides with {(λ, 0) : µ ∈ R} for l = 0.The situation is illustrated in Figure 1.Eigenvalues µ (l) (λ) of (BS λ ) as functions of λ (the parameter λ correspond to the abscissa).Vertical asymptotes are the eigenvalues η (l) of (DBS).Horizontal asymptotes are the eigenvalues ξ (l) of (NBS).A reflection along the angle bisector of the first and third quadrant gives the eigenvalues λ (l) (µ) of (BS µ ) as functions of µ.

Appendix B. Asymptotic formulas
It is proved in [22,23] that if Ω is a bounded domain in R N with C ∞ boundary, then the eigenvalues of problems (DBS) and (NBS) with σ = 1 satisfy the following asymptotic laws (B.1) Here ω N −1 denotes the volume of the unit ball in R N −1 .
We state the following theorem, whose proof is omitted since it follows exactly the same lines as those of Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 of [23].
We note that the principal term in the asymptotic expansions of the eigenvalues depends neither on the Poisson's ratio σ nor on µ or λ.However, lower order terms have to depend on µ and λ, since, as µ, λ → −∞, λ j (µ) → η j and µ j (λ) → ξ j , and asymptotic formulas of λ j (µ) and η j , and of µ j (λ) and ξ j , differ from a factor 3  4 .Remark B.2.We remark that the approach used in [23] requires that the boundary of Ω is of class C ∞ .However, as proved by another technique in [22], the asymptotic formulas for the eigenvalues of (DBS) and (NBS) when σ = 1 hold when Ω is of class C 2 .
We now show that in the case of the unit ball B in R N it is possible to recover formulas (B.1), (B.2), (B.3) and (B.4) by using the explicit computations in Appendix A.
Note that for a fixed l ∈ N 0 , the dimension of the space of spherical harmonics of degree less or equal than l is (2l+N −1)(N +l−2)!l!(N −1)!
. By (A.8) we deduce that (B.5) From (B.5) and (B.6) we deduce that We note that this is exactly (B.2).Indeed, recalling that |∂B| = N ω N , a standard computation shows that In the same way we verify that as j → +∞, and these asymptotic formulas correspond to formulas (A.7), (A.5) and (A.6).
We begin with problem (BS µ ).Assume that µ ∈ R is such that ξ j < µ < ξ j+1 for some j ∈ N. Recall that ξ j denote the eigenvalues of problem (NBS).We denote by U j the subspace of H 2 (Ω) generated by all eigenfunctions u i associated with the eigenvalues ξ i with i ≤ j and we set j is a closed subspace of H 2 (Ω).We have the following result.
Theorem C.1.Let Ω be a bounded domain in R N of class C 0,1 and assume that ξ j < µ < ξ j+1 for some j ∈ N. Then Note that the decomposition (C.1) is not straightforward since Q µ,D does not define a scalar product for µ > 0. However, in order to prove Theorem C.1 one can easily adapt the analogous proof in [21, Theorem 5.1] but we omit the details.
We observe that, whenever u ∈ U ⊥ j , one can consider only test functions ϕ ∈ U ⊥ j in the weak formulation of (3.4).Indeed, adding to ϕ a test function φ ∈ U j leaves both sides of the equation unchanged.Hence one can perform the same analysis as in the case µ < 0 and state an analogous version of Theorem 3.3 with the space H 2 (Ω) replaced by U ⊥ j .We leave this to the reader.
Hence, whenever u ∈ H 2 ξ j (Ω), one can consider only test functions in ϕ ∈ H 2 ξ j (Ω) in the weak formulation (3.4) with µ = ξ j .In fact, adding to ϕ a function φ ∈ U ξ j leaves both sides of the equation unchanged.Thus we can perform the same analysis of Theorem C.1 with H 2 (Ω) replaced by H 2 ξ j (Ω).Note that equation (C.2) is satisfied with ξ 1 = 0 and u a constant function.
We also have an analogous result for problem (BS λ ) with λ > η 1 .Assume that λ ∈ R is such that η j < λ < η j+1 for some j ∈ N. Recall that η j denote the eigenvalues of problem (DBS).We denote by V j the subspace of H 2 (Ω) generated by all eigenfunctions v i associated with the eigenvalues η i with i ≤ j and we set The space V ⊥ j is a closed subspace of H 2 (Ω).We have the following result.
We observe that, whenever v ∈ V ⊥ j , one can consider only test functions ϕ ∈ V ⊥ j in the weak formulation of (3.14).In fact, adding to ϕ a test function φ ∈ V j leaves both sides of the equation unchanged.Hence one can perform the same analysis as in the case λ < η 1 and state an analogous version of Theorem 3.10 with the space H 2 (Ω) replaced by V ⊥ j .We leave this to the reader.
Remark C.4.As in Remark C.2, one can treat the case λ = η j for some j in the special situation when η j is an eigenvalue of (3.1) of multiplicity m such that Q σ (v, ϕ) = η j (γ 1 (v), γ 1 (ϕ)) , ∀ϕ ∈ H 2 (Ω), v ∈ V η j , where V η j is the eigenspace generated by all the eigenfunctions {v 1 j , ..., v m j } in H 2 0,D (Ω) associated with η j .This happens in the case of the unit ball with η 1 = 1.We observe that any function w ∈ H 2 (Ω) can be written in the form w = v + u, where v ∈ V η j and u ∈ H 2 η j (Ω), where H 2 η j (Ω) := u ∈ H 2 (Ω) : (γ 1 (u), γ 1 (v i j )) ∂Ω = 0 for all i = 1, ..., m .Hence, whenever v ∈ H 2 η j (Ω), one can consider in the weak formulation (3.14) with λ = η j only test functions in ϕ ∈ H 2 η j (Ω).In fact, adding to ϕ a function φ ∈ V η j leaves both sides of the equation unchanged.Thus we can perform the same analysis of Theorem C.3 with H 2 (Ω) replaced by H 2 η j (Ω).We conclude this section with a few more remarks.We have observed that the eigenvalue µ = 0 is always an eigenvalue of (3.14) when λ < η 1 , and that the constant functions belong to the eigenspace associated with µ = 0, and in particular belong to the space H 2 0,N (Ω) and are eigenfunctions associated with the first eigenvalue ξ 1 = 0 of problem (NBS).Such a situation may occur also for other eigenvalues, as well as for problem (3.4) (as we have seen in the case of the ball in R N with the eigenvalue λ(µ) = η 1 = 1 for all µ ∈ R).The following lemma clarifies this phenomenon.
In the same way one can prove the following.

3 2
where C N , C ′ N depend only on N , see Appendix B. In view of (1.1) and (4.1)-(4.2),we can identify the space S (∂Ω) with the space of sequences

Theorem B. 1 .
Let Ω be a bounded domain in R N of class C ∞ .Then formulas (B.1) and (B.2) hold for all σ ∈ − 1 N −1 , 1 .Moreover, the two following asymptotic formulas hold for the eigenvalues of problems (BS µ ) and (BS λ ) Using the representations (4.1) and (4.2) we are able to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability in H 2 (Ω) of the Dirichlet problem(1.4) 32 and 1 2 in (1.2) and (1.3).
4.1.Representation of the solutions to the Dirichlet problem.Using the Steklov expansions in (4.1) and (4.2) and the characterization of the total trace space Γ(H 2 (Ω)) given by Theorem 4.4 we are able to describe the solutions to the Dirichlet problem (1.4).Corollary 4.5.Let Ω be a bounded domain in R N of class C 0,1 , (f, g) ∈ L 2 (∂Ω)×L 2 (∂Ω).