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The development status of PET radiotracers for evaluating neuroinflammation

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Abstract

Neuroinflammation is associated with the pathophysiologies of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Evaluating neuroinflammation using positron emission tomography (PET) plays an important role in the early diagnosis and determination of proper treatment of brain diseases. To quantify neuroinflammatory responses in vivo, many PET tracers have been developed using translocator proteins, imidazole-2 binding site, cyclooxygenase, monoamine oxidase-B, adenosine, cannabinoid, purinergic P2X7, and CSF-1 receptors as biomarkers. In this review, we introduce the latest developments in PET tracers that can image neuroinflammation, focusing on clinical trials, and further consider their current implications.

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Acknowledgements

In this paper, we used figures from the previously published papers to help readers understand. Fig. 2. was published in “Exploratory human PET study of the effectiveness of 11C-ketoprofen methyl ester, a potential biomarker of neuroinflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease.” Nucl Med Biol 2016;43:438 and reprint permission was obtained from Elsevier. The articles containing Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. were licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction. Fig. 3. was published in “Relationship between astrocyte reactivity, using novel 11C-BU99008 PET, and glucose metabolism, grey matter volume and amyloid load in cognitively impaired individuals.” Mol Psychiatry 2022;27:2019. Fig. 4. was published in “[18F]F-DED PET imaging of reactive astrogliosis in neurodegenerative diseases: preclinical proof of concept and first-in-human data.” J Neuroinflammation 2023;20:68. Fig 5. was originally published in “Assessing Reactive Astrogliosis with 18F-SMBT-1 Across the Alzheimer Disease Spectrum” J Nucl Med 2022;63:1560.

Funding

This study was supported by a grant from the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), Republic of Korea (No. 50461–2023), and the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF-2020R1A2C2008618).

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  1. Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, Korea

    Namhun Lee & Jae Yong Choi

  2. Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Korea

    Jae Yong Choi

  3. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

    Young Hoon Ryu

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Lee, N., Choi, J.Y. & Ryu, Y.H. The development status of PET radiotracers for evaluating neuroinflammation. Nucl Med Mol Imaging (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13139-023-00831-4

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