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Mindful Versus Diaphragmatic Breathing: Spirituality Moderates the Impact on Heart Rate Variability

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Abstract

Objectives

Both mindful breathing and deep diaphragmatic breathing are used in the treatment of emotional disorders and can help people learn to modulate the body’s stress response. While both result in deep, slow breathing, the two approaches are quite different in their origins. We tested whether individual differences in spirituality might moderate their efficacy.

Methods

Forty-eight undergraduates from the University of Pennsylvania completed baseline measures of spirituality as well as respiration rate, tidal volume and heart rate variability (HRV) at rest. Participants were then randomly assigned to a video that guided them through a mindful breathing exercise (which mentioned “a long tradition of meditation style exercises that have been used for literally thousands of years”) (N = 21) or a diaphragmatic breathing exercise (N = 27).

Results

Both types of training resulted in lower respiration rate and higher tidal volume over baseline (all ts > 3.78, ps < 0.001), but only diaphragmatic breathing resulted in significant increases in HRV (t(26) = 6.29, p < 0.001). Spirituality moderated the impact, such that spiritual people benefited equally from both types of breathing training, but less spiritual people benefited more from diaphragmatic breathing than from mindful breathing (F(4,46) = 3.69, p = .06).

Conclusions

These results suggest that spirituality may moderate the impact of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) in the American context. Discussion focuses analyzes how our results may reflect a misunderstanding of eastern wisdom traditions as they were characterized during colonial times.

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  1. Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Levin Building, 425 S. University Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6018, USA

    Melissa Hunt, Tara Rajagopal, Fumei Cerecino & Meriah O’Neil

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  1. Melissa Hunt
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Contributions

MGH designed the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper. TR collaborated in the design of the study, in collecting and cleaning the data, and in writing the paper. FC collaborated in the design of the study and in collecting and cleaning the data. MO collaborated in the design of the study and in collecting the data, and performed most of the HRV data cleaning.

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Correspondence to Melissa Hunt.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional IRB at the University of Pennsylvania and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Hunt, M., Rajagopal, T., Cerecino, F. et al. Mindful Versus Diaphragmatic Breathing: Spirituality Moderates the Impact on Heart Rate Variability. Mindfulness 12, 2743–2753 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01738-x

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