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The Antibacterial Efficacy and Cytotoxicity of Incorporating Nanoparticles into Sodium Hypochlorite as Irrigant Solution

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Abstract

This study aimed to compare the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial efficacy of 2.5% NaOCl combined with chitosan or propolis nanoparticles at different concentrations. Nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The nanoparticles were divided into different concentrations (0.625, 1, and 3 mg/mL chitosan and 4, 5, and 5.5 mg/mL propolis) and combined with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Antibacterial activity was tested using agar well diffusion assay with Enterococcus faecalis biofilm generated on cellulose nitrate membrane filters after overnight incubation at 37 °C. Two-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post hoc test was used to evaluate reduction in CFUs among all groups, and P < 0.05 was set as the reference for statistically significant results. Cytotoxicity was measured after 24 h by MTT assay 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, and genotoxicity was tested by alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) to measure DNA damage. The combination of chitosan or propolis nanoparticles of different concentrations with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite showed high antibacterial activity (P < 0.01). Cytotoxicity was improved when 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was mixed with 1 and 3 mg of chitosan nanoparticles or 4, 5, and 5.5 mg of propolis nanoparticles, and the difference was highly significant(P < 0.01). The addition of nanoparticles improves the antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect of NaOCl. This new irrigant can be used in endodontic treatment given its safety and effectiveness against E. faecalis.

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Data Availability

The data used to support this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

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Acknowledgements

All authors have contributed significantly, and all authors are in agreement with the present manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Conservative, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

    Fatima Fahad

  2. Department of Conservative, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Bab-Almoadham, P.O. Box 1417, Baghdad, Iraq

    Raghad Abdulrazzaq Al-Hashimi

  3. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq

    Zaid R. Hussien

  4. AL-Zahraa Hospital, Almuqdadia, Diyala, Iraq

    Zaid R. Hussien

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  1. Fatima Fahad
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  3. Zaid R. Hussien
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All authors participated in all manuscript requirements to produce a final version of the manuscript after being read and agreed upon by everyone.

Raghad Abdulrazzaq Al-Hashimi read and review the manuscript.

Fatima Fahad do all manuscript requirement.

Zaid.R.hussien Z.H prepare the nanomaterial.

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Correspondence to Raghad Abdulrazzaq Al-Hashimi.

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Fahad, F., Al-Hashimi, R.A. & Hussien, Z.R. The Antibacterial Efficacy and Cytotoxicity of Incorporating Nanoparticles into Sodium Hypochlorite as Irrigant Solution. BioNanoSci. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-023-01260-5

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