Abstract
The ber fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana Costa (Tephritidae: Diptera) is a well established notorious monophagous major pest of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk) in all the ber growing arid and semi-arid regions and may cause severe yield losses. Plants frequently display genetic variation within and between populations for traits that influence the host selection preference of herbivores. While analyzing the effect of various physico-chemical traits on the C. vesuviana infestation, significant differences in fruit fly incidence were observed in 39 cultivars of ber under field conditions. Fruit fly infestation had significant positive correlation with fruit size, average fruit weight, pulp: stone ratio, total soluble solids and Vitamin C, and was negatively correlated with fruit firmness, acidity content and total phenolic content. The maximum variation in fruit infestation was explained by total phenols (57.0%) followed by pulp: stone ratio (10.4%) and TSS (2.3%). Based on the varimax rotation method with Kaiser Normalization, two principal components (PCs) were extracted explaining the cumulative variance of 54.00% in fruit fly infestation. PC1 explained 29.91% while PC2 explained 24.09% of the total variance. Thus, the importance of genetic diversity is apparent and can be utilized to enhance the income of the farmers by reducing cost of cultivation by developing resistant cultivars which are major component of integrated pest management strategies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arimura, G. I., Matsui, K., & Takabayashi, J. (2009). Chemical and molecular ecology of herbivore-induced plant volatiles: proximate factors and their ultimate functions. Plant and Cell Physiology, 50, 911–923. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcp030.
Arora, P. K., Kaur, N., Batra, R. C., & Mehrotra, N. K. (1999). Physio-chemical characteristics of some ber varieties in relation to fruit fly incidence. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 1(2), 101–102.
Bakhshi, J. C., & Singh, P. (1974). The ber-a good choice for semi-arid and marginal soils. Indian Horticulture, 19, 27–30.
Balikai, R. A., Kotikal, Y. K., & Prasanna, P. M. (2013). Global scenario of insect and non-insect pests of jujube and their management options. Acta Horticulturae, 993, 253–277.
Baloda, S., Sehrawat, S. K., Yadav, B. S., Ahlawat, V. P., & Singh, S. (2012). Present status of ber production and future thrusts in India- A review. Agricultural Reviews, 33(3), 256–264.
Barakat, A., Bagniewska-Zadworna, A., Frost, C. J., & Carlson, J. E. (2010). Phylogeny and expression profiling of CAD and CAD-like genes in hybrid Populus (P. deltoides x P. nigra), evidence from herbivore damage for subfunctionalization and functional divergence. BMC Plant Biology, 10, 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-10-100.
Bezemer, T. M., & van Dam, N. M. (2005). Linking aboveground and belowground interactions via induced plant defenses. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 20, 617–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.08.006.
Bezemer, T. M., Wagenaar, R., Van Dam, N. M., & Wa¨ckers, F. L. (2003). Interactions between above-and belowground insect herbivores as mediated by the plant defense system. Oikos, 101, 555–562. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12424.x.
Blossey, B., & Hunt-Joshi, T. R. (2003). Belowground herbivory by insects: influence on plants and aboveground herbivores. Annual Review of Entomology, 48, 521–547. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112700.
Dhileepan, K. (2017). Biological control of Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae), feasibility, prospective agents and research gaps. Annals of Applied Biology, 170(3), 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12338.
Dudareva, N., Negre, F., Nagegowda, D. A., & Orlova, I. (2006). Plant volatiles: recent advances and future perspectives. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 25, 417–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680600899973.
Farrar, N., Asadi, G. H., & Golestaneh, S. R. (2004). Damage and host ranges of ber fruit fly Carpomyia vesuviana Costa (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its rate of parasitism. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(5), 120–130.
Gogi, M. D., Ashfaq, M., Arif, M. J., Sarfraz, R. M., & Nawab, N. N. (2010). Investigating phenotypic structures and allelochemical compounds of the fruits of Momordica charantia L. genotypes as sources of resistance against Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera, Tephritidae). Crop Protection, 29, 884–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.014.
Gurevitch, J., Scheiner, S. M., & Gordon, A. (2006). The Ecology of Plants (Second ed.). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem#cite_note-2.
Haldhar, S. M., Bhargava, R., Choudhary, B. R., Pal, G., & Kumar, S. (2013a). Allelochemical resistance traits of muskmelon (Cucumis melo) against the fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) in a hot arid region of India. Phytoparasitica, 41, 473–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-013-0325-x.
Haldhar, S. M., Bhargava, R., Krishna, H., Berwal, M. K., & Saroj, P. L. (2018). Bottom-up effects of different host plant resistance cultivars on ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)-fruit fly (Carpomyia vesuviana) interactions. Crop Protection, 106, 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.12.017.
Haldhar, S. M., Choudhary, B. R., Bhargava, R., & Gurjar, K. (2015b). Host plant resistance (HPR) traits of ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula (Roxb.)) L. against melon fruit fly, (Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)) in hot arid region of India. Scientia Horticulturae, 194, 168–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.08.001.
Haldhar, S. M., Choudhary, B. R., Bhargava, R., & Meena, S. R. (2015a). Antixenotic and allelochemical resistance traits of watermelon against Bactrocera cucurbitae in a hot arid region of India. Florida Entomologist, 98, 827–834. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0303.
Haldhar, S. M., Deshwal, H. L., Jat, G. C., Berwal, M. K., & Singh, D. (2016). Pest scenario of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) in arid regions of Rajasthan, a review. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 1, 10–21.
Haldhar, S. M., Karuppaiah, V., Sharma, S. K., & Singh, D. (2012). Insect-pests of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) as influenced by abiotic factors in arid region of Rajasthan. In Global Conference on “Horticulture for Food, Nutrition and Livelihood Options” Organised ASM Foundation, New Delhi and OUAT, Bhubaneswar. Odisha.
Haldhar, S. M., Samadia, D. K., Bhargava, R., & Singh, D. (2017). Host plant genotypes determine bottom-up effect of Cucumis melo var. callosus against melon fruit fly. Crop Protection, 98, 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2017.03.028.
Haldhar, S. M., Sharma, S. K., Bhargava, R., Singh, R. S., Sharma, B. D., & Singh, D. (2013b). Insect Pests of Arid Fruit Crops, Practical Manual for Field Identification and Damage Symptoms. CIAH/Tech./Pub. No. 42. pp. 1–53.
Hanley, M. E., Lamont, B. B., Fairbanks, M. M., & Rafferty, C. M. (2007). Plant structural traits and their role in antiherbivore defense. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 8, 157–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2007.01.001.
Hol, W. H. G., Macel, M., van Veen, J. A., & van der Meijden, E. (2004). Root damage and aboveground herbivory change concentration and composition of pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Senecio jacobaea. Basic and Applied Ecology, 5, 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2003.12.002.
Howe, G. A., & Jander, G. (2008). Plant immunity to insect herbivores. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59, 41–66. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092825.
Hu, S. Y., Wen, J. B., Satar, A., & Tian, C. M. (2010). Research progress of quarantine pest Carpomyia vesuviana. Scientia Silvae Sinica, 46(7), 147–154.
Johnson, M. T., & Agrawal, A. A. (2005). Plant genotype and environment interact to shape a diverse arthropod community on evening primrose (Oenothera biennis). Ecology, 86, 874–885.
Kapoor, V. C. (2005). Taxonomy and biology of economically important fruit flies of India (Biotaxonomy of Tephritoidea. Israel Journal of Entomology, 35/36, 459–475.
Karuppaiah, V. (2014). Biology and management of ber fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana Costa (Diptera: Tephritidae): A review. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(16), 1310–1317.
Karuppaiah, V., More, T. A., Sivalingam, P. N., Hanif, K., & Bagle, B. G. (2010). Prevailing insect pests of ber (Zizipus mauritiana Lamk) and their natural enemies in hot arid ecosystem. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 39(3–4), 214–216.
Lakra, R. K. (1998). Insect pests of some under-exploited fruits and their management. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 27(1), 12–34.
Lakra, R. K., & Bhatti, D. S. (1985). Insect pests of ber with special reference to fruit fly, Corpomyia vesuvania Costa. Paper presented at Third National Workshop on Arid Zone Fruit Research, Rahuri.
Lakra, R. K., & Singh, Z. (1984). Calendar of losses due to ber fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana Costa (Diptera: Tephritidae) in different Zizyphus spp. in Haryana. Indian Journal of Entomology, 46, 261–264.
Maffei, M. E., Mithöfer, A., & Boland, W. (2007). Insects feeding on plants, rapid signals and responses preceding the induction of phytochemical release. Phytochemistry, 68, 2946–2959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.07.016.
Moslem, B., Alireza, A., Shahriyar, A., Saeid, M., & Ramin, R. (2011). Evaluation of resistance of cucumber cultivars to the vegetable leaf miner (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in greenhouse. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 7, 395–400.
Muthusamy, S. K., Sivalingam, P. N., Sridhar, J., Singh, D., & Haldhar, S. M. (2017). Biotic stress inducible promoters in crop plants-a review. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 4, 14–24.
Nath, P., Panday, A. K., Kumar, A., Rai, A. B., & Palanivel, H. (2017). Biochemical resistance traits of bitter gourd against fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) infestation. Journal of Agricultural Science, 9(2), 217–225. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n2p217.
Nizamani, I. A., Rustamani, M. A., Nizamani, S. M., Nizamani, S. A., & Khaskheli, M. I. (2015). Population density of foliage insect pest on jujube, Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. ecosystem. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 11, 304–313.
Ranganna, S. (1986). Handbook of Analysis and Quality Control for Fruit and Vegetable Products. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
SPSS: IBM Corp. Released 2015. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0. Armonk: IBM Corp.
Samadia, D. K., & Haldhar, S. M. (2017). Breeding strategies and scope of improvement in arid zone fruit crop-plants under abiotic stressed agro-climate: an analysis. Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 4, 1–13.
Saxena, D. K., & Rawat, R. R. (1968). A study on the incidence, varietal performance and biology of the ber fruitfly in Madhya Pradesh. Madras Agricultural Journal, 55, 328–333.
Schwachtje, J., Minchin, P. E. H., Jahnke, S., van Dongen, J. T., Schittko, U., & Baldwin, I. T. (2006). SNF1-related kinases allow plants to tolerate herbivory by allocating carbon to roots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 103, 12935–12940. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602316103.
Sharma, V. P., Lal, O. P., Rohidas, S. B., & Pramanick, P. K. (1998). Varietal resistance in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) against the fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana Costa (Diptera: Tephritidae) under field conditions. Journal of Entomological Research, 22(1), 61–67.
Singh, K. (1963). The ber in India. In Fruit culture in India. New Delhi: I.C.A.R.
Singh, M. P. (1984). Studies on the field resistance of different jujube cultivars to the fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana Costa. Madras Agricultural Journal, 71, 413–415.
Singh, M. P., & Vashishtha, B. B. (2002). Factors influencing infestation of fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana in Indian jujube. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 72(9), 543–547.
Smith, T. M., & Smith, R. L. (2012). Elements of Ecology (Eighth ed.). Boston: Benjamin Cummings. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem#cite_note-2.
Stonehouse, J., Riaz Mahmood, R., Ashraf, P., Mumford, J., Karim, N. B., Chaudhary, Z. M., Makhdum, A. H., Mustafa, G., & David, H. (2002). Farm field assessments of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Pakistan: distribution, damage and control. Crop Protection, 8(21), 661–669.
Swain, T., & Hills, W. E. (1959). The phenolic constituents of Prunus domestica. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 10(1), 63–68.
Usha Rani, P., & Jyothsna, Y. (2010). Biochemical and enzymatic changes in rice as a mechanism of defense. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 32, 695–701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-009-0449-2.
van Dam, N. M., Harvey, J. A., Wackers, F. L., Bezemer, T. M., van der Putten, W. H., & Vet, L. E. M. (2003). Interactions between aboveground and belowground induced responses against phytophages. Basic and Applied Ecology, 4, 63–77.
War, A. R., Paulraj, M. G., Ahmad, T., Buhroo, A. A., Hussain, B., Ignacimuthu, S., & Sharma, H. C. (2012). Mechanisms of Plant Defense against Insect Herbivores. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 7(10), 1306–1320. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.21663.
War, A. R., Paulraj, M. G., War, M. Y., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2011b). Herbivore- and elicitor-induced resistance in groundnut to Asian armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Plant Signaling & Behavior, 6, 1769–1777. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.6.11.17323.
Whitney, H. M., & Glover, B. J. (2013). Coevolution: Plant-insect. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Wiley: Chichester. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0001762.pub2.
Yadav, J., Gaur, R. K., & Kumar, Y. (2019). Effect of weather variables on severity and incidence of fruit fly (Carpomiya vasuviana Costa) infestation on ber (Zizyphus maurtiana) under Semi-arid conditions. Paper presented in “Advances in Agrometeorology for Managing Climatic Risks of Farmers (INAGMET-2019). Jointly organized by Association of Agrometeorologists (AAM), India Meteorological Department (IMD), ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, India. pp. 165.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Director, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bawal, India, for providing facilities, input requirements and advice necessary for the experimentation. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yadav, J., Gaur, R.K., Kumar, Y. et al. Evaluation of antixenotic and allelochemical traits of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) fruits as source of host plant resistance against fruit fly (Carpomyia vesuviana Costa) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in semi-arid region of India. Phytoparasitica 48, 607–620 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-020-00817-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-020-00817-4