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The new fossil site Krimni-3 in Mygdonia Basin and the first evidence of a giant ostrich in the Early Pleistocene of Greece

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Abstract

A new Lower Pleistocene vertebrate site, Krimni-3 (KMN) from Mygdonia Basin, Greece is originally presented herein, providing a preliminary analysis of its taphonomic context and faunal content. The KMN fossil mammal fauna includes the following: Erinaeus sp., Canis sp., Hyaenidae indet., Ursus sp., Equus altidens, Equus sp. (large-sized), Stephanorhinus cf. hundsheimensis, Sus sp., Palaeotragus inexpectatus, Cervidae indet. (medium-sized), Praemegaceros sp., Bison cf. degiulii, Soergelia brigittae, and Hemitragus sp. Additionally, an avian femur, fully described and compared, is attributed to the giant ostrich Pachystruthio dmanisensis. This is the first record of a giant ostrich in Greece and southeastern Europe in general, and by documenting the southernmost occurrence of the species, it expands significantly its known geographical distribution. Large-sized ungulates predominate in the assemblage, while a large number of postcranial remains appear articulated. Bone surfaces are mostly fresh or only slightly weathered, yet post-depositionally cracked. Minor to moderate rounding and polishing indicate the action of water to a certain degree, while several bone breakages and marks suggest carnivore activity (including carnivore gnawing on the ostrich femur). The comparison of the KMN fauna with those already known from Mygdonia Basin and Europe suggests a late Villafranchian age, intermediate between the faunas from Tsiotra Vryssi and Apollonia-1, within the 1.8–1.5 Ma time frame. This is a crucial interval of time for mammal dispersal and turnovers, and KMN opens another window into the Early Pleistocene ecosystems of western Eurasia.

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available at www.archeozoo.org] showing the anatomical position of the femur and the location of the carnivore tooth marks on the KMN specimen (red asterisk). Abbreviations: cf, caput femoris; cl, condylus lateralis; cm, condylus medialis; faa, facies articularis antitrochanterica; flc, fovea ligament capitis; fop, fossa poplitea; fp, foramen pneumaticum; ft, fossa tendinea; ilcl, impression lig. collateralis lateralis; lal, linea anterior lateralis; lic, linea intermuscularis caudalis; sic, sulcus intercondylaris; sp, sulcus patellaris; tfi, trochlea fibularis; tm, trochanter minor

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Data availability statement

All data analyzed during this study are included in this published article. All fossil material described in this paper is deposited in a Public Institution (Museum of Geology-Palaeontology-Palaeoanthropology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) and is freely accessible to any researcher upon request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Stelios Voulgarakis (Riza village) for informing us about the presence of fossils, which eventually became the new site, and all field team members for their contribution during the fieldwork and the subsequent preparation of fossils. We are thankful to both reviewers M. Cherin and N. Zelenkov for fruitful comments and suggestions.

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  1. School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Dimitris S. Kostopoulos, Marina Amanatidou, Krystalia Chitoglou, Emmanouil Fragkioudakis, Nikolaos Gerakakis, Vasiliki Giannakou, Anastasia Gkeme, Christina Kalaitzi, Christos Tsakalidis & Vaggelis Tsatsalis

  2. Palaeoanthropology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen and Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Rümelinstr. 23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany

    George E. Konidaris

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Kostopoulos, D.S., Konidaris, G.E., Amanatidou, M. et al. The new fossil site Krimni-3 in Mygdonia Basin and the first evidence of a giant ostrich in the Early Pleistocene of Greece. PalZ 97, 147–161 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-022-00632-8

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