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Study of the nonlinear character of ionospheric signals possessing critical frequency (foF2) at Pakistan air space

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Abstract

This study dictates that the ionospheric plasma does play a pivoted role in propagating radio waves reaching the ground after reflecting from the ionospheric layer such as F2 layer that is regarded the most prominent layer in our solar atmosphere. It is said that the formation of this region is due to the interference of solar extreme UV radiations and other natural agents that create free electrons in the ionosphere influencing the propagation of radio signals through the open space. Due to the action of solar activity, it varies diurnally, following the certain patterns. Ionospheric variation is considered as having a nonlinear character. The parametric estimation of observed data obtained from United Kingdom Solar System Data Centre and space agency SUPARCO of Pakistan during the period 2008–2017 which confirmed the variability of ionospheric F2 region and regularity of the daily observations. These results have established that the critical frequency of F2 layer departed significantly from a Gaussian distribution. This shows the unique characteristics of nonlinearity. In this communication, we have employed fractal dimension to verify the complex nature of the ionospheric region. Evidently, this approach measures the index of the complexity in the physical processes in the deep space such as the same phenomenon of the anomalous behavior of ionospheric layers for depicting the sophistication of the system. The consequence of the executive approaches reveals that the behavior of F2 layer is anti-persistent, and the probability of the existence of intricacy in this region is obvious. This kind of study usually assists the government and private organizations for maintaining entire records of ionospheric activities that are going on globally and regionally.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the services rendered by the Director, United Kingdom Solar System Data Centre (UKSSDC) and Director SUPARCO Pakistan to provide the necessary set of observations for this modest research. Also, it could be noted that this investigation is a part of the Ph.D. dissertation of the first author.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Basic Sciences and Mathematics, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan

    Bulbul Jan

  2. Institute of Space Science and Technology, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan

    Faisal Ahmed Khan Afridi & Muhammad Ayub Khan Yousufzai

  3. Department of Artificial Intelligence and Mathematical Sciences, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Aewan-e-Tijarat Road, Karachi, 74000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ali

  4. Department of Applied Physics, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ayub Khan Yousufzai

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  1. Bulbul Jan
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  2. Faisal Ahmed Khan Afridi
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Correspondence to Bulbul Jan.

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Responsible Editor: Amjad Kallel

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Jan, B., Afridi, F.A.K., Ali, M. et al. Study of the nonlinear character of ionospheric signals possessing critical frequency (foF2) at Pakistan air space. Arab J Geosci 14, 190 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06495-8

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