Abstract
This study proposes a methodology to evaluate the energy performance of existing Zero Energy Buildings and to prospect retrofit strategies in a Savannah climate, concerning the A2 scenario of emissions from the Fourth Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The selected building to study is recognized for its high energy performance, named Centro SEBRAE de Sustentabilidade (CSS). Two efficient measures were considered: (i) improvement in the air conditioning system coefficient of performance (COP) and (ii) in the energy efficiency of the photovoltaic plates of generation on-site. The methodology is grounded in the potential bioclimatic concept and the employed steps applied were: preparation of climate archives in the 2020, 2050 and 2080 time-slices; calibration of the computational model; evaluation of the retrofit strategies on its energy consumption efficiency through computer simulation. Considering the CSS has already attended mostly the bioclimatic strategies for the local climate and has high efficiency measures in its systems, the retrofit focused the air conditioning and PV system. The isolated retrofit of the air conditioning system was unable to guarantees the NZEB condition despite providing an adequate level of energy efficiency until 2080. The retrofit of the PV system was the only one that provides the NZEB condition for climate change scenarios. The contribution of this paper is to provide a guide to be used in NZEBs, with measures of optimization that provide high potential bioclimatic face to the local where it is built, making it possible to maintain this condition in scenarios of global warming.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Álvares CA, Stape JL, Sentelhas PC, et al. (2013). Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 22: 711–728.
ASHRAE (2014). ASHRAE Guideline 14-2014—Measurement of energy, demand, and water savings. Atlanta, GA, USA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE (2015). M&V Guidelines:Measurement and Verification for Performance-Based Contracts Version 4.0. Atlanta, GA, USA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
ABNT (2005). NBR 15.220-2: Desempenho térmico de edificações — Método de cálculo da transmitância térmica da capacidade térmica do atraso térmico e do fator solar de elementos e componentes de edificações. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. (in Portuguese)
Belcher SE, Hacker JN, Powell D (2005). Constructing design weather data for future climates. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology, 26: 49–61.
Brazil (2011). Ministério de Minas e Energia. Plano Nacional de Eficiência Energética: Premissas e Diretrizes Básicas. Brazil. Available at http://www.mme.gov.br/documents/10584/1432134/Plano+Nacional+Efici%EF%BF%BDncia+Energ%EF%BF%BDtica+%28PDF%29/74cc9843-cda5-4427-b623-b8d094ebf863?version=1.1. Accessed Jul 2019. (in Portuguese)
Brazil (2015). Plano Nacional de Eficiência Energética. Available at http://antigo.mme.gov.br/web/guest/secretarias/planejamento-edesenvolvimento-energetico/publicacoes/plano-nacional-deeficiencia-energetica. (in Portuguese)
Cabeza LF, Chàfer M (2020). Technological options and strategies towards zero energy buildings contributing to climate change mitigation: A systematic review. Energy and Buildings, 219: 110009.
Callejas IJA, Biudes MS, Machado NG, et al. (2019). Patterns of energy exchange for tropical urban and rural ecosystems located in Brazil central. Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering, 13: 69–79.
CBCS (2020). Brazilian Committee of Sustainable Construction. Available at http://benchmarkingenergia.cbcs.org/Plataforma_calculo.html. Accessed Jul 2020.
Dirks JA, Gorrissen WJ, Hathaway JH, et al. (2015). Impacts of climate change on energy consumption and peak demand in buildings: A detailed regional approach. Energy, 79: 20–32.
DOE (2014). Executive Order 13514—Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance. US Department of Energy. Available at https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/eo13514_fleethandbook.pdf
DOE (2015). Building Technologies Program, Planned Program Activities for 2008–2012. US Department of Energy. Available at https://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/corporate/myp08complete.pdf. Accessed April 2019.
DOE (2016). EnergyPlus. US Department of Energy. Available at https://energyplus.net. Accessed 16 May 2018.
Durante LC (2012). Sombreamento arböreo e desempenho termoenergético de edificações. PhD Thesis, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brazil. (in Portuguese)
EIA (2018). Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies. US Energy Information Administration.
Energy Action (2003). Energy Consumption Guide 19 (“ECON 19”). Energy Use in Offices.
EPE (2018). Balanço Energético Nacional: 2018 — Relatório Síntese / Ano Base 2017. Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. Brazil. Available at http://epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-303/topico-419/BEN2018_Int.pdf. Accessed Jul 2019. (in Portuguese)
EPE (2019). Balanço Energético Nacional: 2019 — Relatório Síntese / Ano Base 2018. Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. Brazil. Available at http://www.epe.gov.br/sites-pt/publicacoes-dados-abertos/publicacoes/PublicacoesArquivos/publicacao-377/topico-470/Relat%C3%B3rio%20S%C3%ADntese%20BEN%202019%20Ano%20Base%202018.pdf. Accessed Jul 2019.
European Union (2010). Directive 2010/31/EU: of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings (recast). Available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32010L0031&from=EN. Accessed Apr 2019.
EVO (2012). Efficiency Valuation Organization. International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP), Volume 1.
F-Chart (2019). EES Engineering Equation Solver. F-Chart Software. Available at http://fchartsoftware.com/ees/
Givoni B (1992). Comfort, climate analysis and building design guidelines. Energy and Buildings, 18: 11–23.
Gordon C, Cooper C, Senior CA, et al. (2000). The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley centre coupled model without flux adjustments. Climate Dynamics, 16: 147–168.
Guarda ELA, Durante L, Gabriel E, et al. (2019). Influência do isolamento térmico de coberturas frente aos impactos das mudanças climáticas. In: Proceedings of Encontro Nacional de Conforto No Ambiente Construído (XV ENCAC).
Guarda ELA, Domingos RMA, Jorge SHM, et al. (2020). The influence of climate change on renewable energy systems designed to achieve zero energy buildings in the present: A case study in the Brazilian Savannah. Sustainable Cities and Society, 52: 101843.
Harvey LDD, Korytarova K, Lucon O, et al. (2014). Construction of a global disaggregated dataset of building energy use and floor area in 2010. Energy and Buildings, 76: 488–496.
Huang J, Zhou C, Zhuo Y, et al. (2016). Outdoor thermal environments and activities in open space: an experiment study in humid subtropical climates. Building and Environment, 103: 238–249.
Huws H, Jankovic L (2013). Implications of climate change and occupant behaviour on future energy demand in a zero carbon house. In: Proceedings of the 13th International IBPSA Building Simulation Conference, Chambéry, France.
IEA (2013). Transition to Sustainable Buildings: Strategies and Opportunities to 2050. Paris: International Energy Agency.
IEA (2018). The Future of Cooling—Opportunities for Energy—Efficient Air Conditioning. Paris: International Energy Agency.
Invidiata A, Ghisi E (2016). Impact of climate change on heating and cooling energy demand in houses in Brazil. Energy and Buildings, 130: 20–32.
Invidiata A, Lavagna M, Ghisi E (2018). Selecting design strategies using multi-criteria decision making to improve the sustainability of buildings. Building and Environment, 139: 58–68.
IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Kolokotsa D, Rovas D, Kosmatopoulos E, et al. (2011). A roadmap towards intelligent net zero- and positive-energy buildings. Solar Energy, 85: 3067–3084.
Krainer A (2008). Passivhaus contra bioclimatic design. Bauphysik, 30: 393–404.
MacHado NG, Biudes MS, Querino CAS, et al. (2015). Seasonal and interannual pattern of meteorological variables in cuiabá, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Geophysics, 33: 477–488.
MacIel AA, Ford B, Lamberts R (2007). Main influences on the design philosophy and knowledge basis to bioclimatic integration into architectural design—The example of best practices. Building and Environment, 42: 3762–3773.
Olgyay V (1973). Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press.
Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA (2007). Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11: 1633–1644.
Portocarrero JAB (2010). Tecnologia indígena em Mato Grosso: Habitação. Cuiabá, Brazil: Entrelinhas. (in Portuguese)
Rasmus EB (2008). Heating Degree Days, Cooling Degree Days and Precipitation in Europe, Analysis for the CELECT-project. Norwegian Meteorological Institute.
Robert A, Kummert M (2012). Designing net-zero energy buildings for the future climate, not for the past. Building and Environment, 55: 150–158.
Rodriguez-Ubinas E, Rodriguez S, Voss K, et al. (2014). Energy efficiency evaluation of zero energy houses. Energy and Buildings, 83: 23–35.
Rodriguez-Ubinas E, Rodriguez S, Voss K, Todorovic MS (2014). Energy efficiency evaluation of zero energy houses. Energy and Buildings, 83: 23–35.
Santamouris M (2016). Cooling the buildings — past, present and future. Energy and Buildings, 128: 617–638.
Santos PAC (2017). NZEB: Nearly Zero Energy Building Metodologias para Implementação NZEB Aplicação a Edifício Unifamiliar Novo. Master Thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Portugal. (in Portuguese)
Summa S, Tarabelli L, Ulpiani G, et al. (2020). Impact of climate change on the energy and comfort performance of nZEB: a case study in Italy. Climate, 8: 125.
Sun X, Gou Z, Lu Y, et al. (2018). Strengths and weaknesses of existing building green retrofits: Case study of a LEED EBOM gold project. Energies, 11(8): 1936.
Thomas WD, Duffy JJ (2013). Energy performance of net-zero and near net-zero energy homes in New England. Energy and Buildings, 67: 551–558.
Torcellini P, Pless S, Deru M, et al. (2006). Zero energy buildings: A critical look at the definition. ACEEE Summer Study, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.
Triana MA, Lamberts R, Sassi P (2018). Should we consider climate change for Brazilian social housing? Assessment of energy efficiency adaptation measures. Energy and Buildings, 158: 1379–1392.
Tribuiani C, Tarabelli L, Summa S, et al. (2020). Thermal performance of a massive wall in the Mediterranean climate: Experimental and analytical research. Applied Sciences, 10: 4611.
Verichev K, Zamorano M, Carpio M (2020). Effects of climate change on variations in climatic zones and heating energy consumption of residential buildings in the southern Chile. Energy and Buildings, 215: 109874.
Wang L, Gwilliam J, Jones P (2009). Case study of zero energy house design in UK. Energy and Buildings, 41: 1215–1222.
Wang N, Phelan PE, Harris C, et al. (2018). Past visions, current trends, and future context: a review of building energy, carbon, and sustainability. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82: 976–993.
Warren R; Arnell N, Nicholls RJ, et al. (2006). Understanding the regional impacts of climate change: Research Report Prepared for the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change. Working Paper 90, Tyndall Center for Climate Change Research.
WBCSD (2000). Eco-efficiency: Creating more value with less impact. World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Available at http://www.wbcsd.org. Accessed Jul 2019.
Acknowledgements
The Authors thank to the Serviço de Apoio à Pequena e Média Empresa (SEBRAE) for accessing and providing data on the building under study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Neto, A.H., Durante, L.C., Callejas, I.J.A. et al. The challenges on operating a zero net energy building facing global warming conditions. Build. Simul. 15, 435–451 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-021-0809-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-021-0809-4