Abstract
Dry connections primarily consist of high-strength bolts and steel plates. They are commonly used in precast structures as they maximise time efficiency in the assembly stage compared with conventional methods. In this study, an embedded horizontal dry connection was developed using a square-shaped ring connector, high-strength hex nuts and flat washers, and grout for assembling precast concrete shear walls. Using Abaqus CAE 6.14, a numerical study was conducted on two full-scale RC shear walls including one monolithic and one precast specimen to assess the seismic performance of the bolted connection under the combined effect of axial and fully reversed cyclic loading. The average displacement ductility ratio of the precast specimen integrating the bolted connection was three times as much as the reference specimen. However, its relative energy dissipation capacity and shear strength were 21.94% and 27.92% lower, respectively. A parametric study was also carried out on the thickness and grade of the ring connector, grade of the vertical steel bars, number of ring connectors, and diameter of the vertical steel bars at the connection joints. Results showed that the seismic performance of the bolted connection was highly dependent on the bar diameter and number of ring connectors.
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Abbreviations
- D 0 :
-
Nominal diameter of steel bar
- D 1 :
-
Diameter of threaded end of steel bar
- D w :
-
Bearing diameter of hex nut
- E :
-
Width across corners
- E 0 :
-
Secant Modulus of Elasticity of concrete
- E ci :
-
Initial Modulus of Elasticity of concrete
- E S :
-
Modulus of Elasticity of steel
- E So :
-
Strain energy of an equivalent linear elastic system
- E D :
-
Dissipated energy in one hysteresis loop
- F:
-
Load
- +F i :
-
Load in the push direction of the ith cycle
- −F i :
-
Load in the pull direction of the ith cycle
- G F :
-
Fracture energy
- G ch :
-
Crushing energy
- H:
-
Height measured from the base of shear wall to the load-application point
- ID:
-
Inside diameter of flat washers
- K i :
-
Secant stiffness of the ith cycle
- K c :
-
The ratio of the second stress invariant on the tensile meridian to that on the compressive meridian
- OD:
-
Outside diameter of flat washers
- PE33:
-
Plastic strain component along the global Z-axis
- P y :
-
Yield load
- P m :
-
Peak load
- P u :
-
Ultimate load
- S:
-
Width across flats
- U1:
-
Displacement along global X-axis
- U2:
-
Displacement along global Y-axis
- U3:
-
Displacement along global Z-axis
- UR2:
-
Rotation about global Y-axis
- UR3:
-
Rotation about global Z-axis
- W:
-
Crack opening
- W c :
-
Critical crack opening
- XSYMM:
-
Symmetry about plane X
- a c :
-
Dimensionless coefficient
- a t :
-
Dimensionless coefficient
- b c :
-
Dimensionless coefficient
- b t :
-
Dimensionless coefficient
- c 1 :
-
Cohesion coefficient
- c 2 :
-
Cohesion coefficient
- d c :
-
Compressive damage variable
- d t :
-
Tensile damage variable
- f y :
-
Yield strength
- f u :
-
Ultimate strength
- f y(true) :
-
True yield strength
- f u(true) :
-
True ultimate strength
- f ck :
-
Characteristic cylinder compressive strength
- f cm :
-
Mean compressive strength at 28 days
- f tm :
-
Mean tensile strength at 28 days
- f b0 :
-
Initial equi-biaxial compressive yield stress
- f c0 :
-
Initial uniaxial compressive yield stress
- m:
-
Thickness of hex nuts
- l eq :
-
Characteristic finite element length
- t:
-
Thickness of steel tube and flat washers
- w c :
-
Compression stiffness recovery factor
- w t :
-
Tension stiffness recovery factor
- Ψ:
-
Dilation angle
- Δ:
-
Lateral displacement
- Δy :
-
Yield displacement
- Δm :
-
Peak displacement
- Δu :
-
Ultimate displacement
- +Δi :
-
Displacement in the push direction of the ith cycle
- −Δi :
-
Displacement in the pull direction of the ith cycle
- +Δyi :
-
Yield displacement in the push direction of the ith cycle
- −Δyi :
-
Yield displacement in the pull direction of the ith cycle
- +Δui :
-
Ultimate displacement in the push direction of the ith cycle
- −Δui :
-
Ultimate displacement in the pull direction of the ith cycle
- ε :
-
Strain
- ε y :
-
Yield strain
- ε u :
-
Ultimate strain
- ε nom :
-
Nominal strain
- ε true :
-
True strain
- ε c :
-
Compressive strain
- ε cm :
-
Strain at mean compressive strength
- ε t :
-
Tensile strain
- ε cr :
-
Cracking strain
- ε pi :
-
Plastic strain
- ε ult :
-
Ultimate strain
- ε ult(true) :
-
True ultimate strain
- ε ch c :
-
Crushing strain
- ε pl c :
-
Plastic compressive strain
- ε el c :
-
Elastic compressive strain
- ε el0t :
-
Elastic compressive strain corresponding to the undamaged material
- ε pl t :
-
Plastic tensile strain
- ε ck t :
-
Cracking strain
- ε el t :
-
Elastic tensile strain
- ε el0t :
-
Elastic tensile strain corresponding to the undamaged material
- σ y :
-
Yield stress
- σ u :
-
Ultimate stress
- σ true :
-
True stress
- σ nom :
-
Nominal stress
- σ t :
-
Tensile stress
- σ c(1) :
-
Compressive stress at the elastic stage
- σ c(2) :
-
Compressive stress at the hardening stage
- σ c(3) :
-
Compressive stress at the softening stage
- σ cu :
-
Ultimate compressive stress
- σ c0 :
-
Compressive stress corresponding to zero crushing
- σ t0 :
-
Tensile stress corresponding to the onset of cracking
- ρ v :
-
Stirrup ratio
- ρ x :
-
Transverse reinforcement ratio
- ρ y :
-
Longitudinal reinforcement ratio
- ε :
-
Eccentricity of the plastic potential surface
- γ c :
-
Parameter controlling the softening stage of the compressive stress-strain curve
- μ :
-
Viscosity parameter and displacement ductility ratio
- μ avg :
-
Average displacement ductility ratio
- ν :
-
Poisson’s ratio
- ξ eq :
-
Equivalent viscous damping ratio
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Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51779224 and 51579221) and Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (HZ19E090004).
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Sookree, E.W., Huang, Z. & Wang, Z. A Numerical Study on the Seismic Performance of a Horizontal Dry Connection for Precast Concrete Shear Walls. KSCE J Civ Eng 27, 1617–1639 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-023-2309-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-023-2309-9