Abstract
This paper recounts a real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) that employed a shake table coupled with an actuator to evaluate the seismic performance of a single-span girder bridge. The test specimen for this RTHS was a scaled single-span girder bridge, which was subjected to Loma Prieta excitation in the test. In the RTHS, the bridge specimen, which lacked mass on top of the bridge deck, was physically tested by a shake table and an actuator, whilst the mass on the bridge, as well as the pile foundation and the soil were modeled numerically. OpenSEES was used for numerical modeling and OpenFresco was used for the communication between the test system and numerical model. An adaptive time series (ATS) technique was employed to compensate for time delay in the RTHS. In this way, a novel bridge engineering RTHS application case composed of shake table and actuator control was presented. To validate the results of the RTHS, a shake table test (STT) of the bridge structure with full mass on the bridge deck was conducted correspondingly. Comparing the RTHS and STT results, it can be concluded that acceleration histories, bearing deformation histories, and strain histories of the selected points matched well. The application of RTHS to assess the seismic behavior of the single-span girder bridge was reasonably verified in this paper.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chae Y, Kazemibidokhti K, Ricles JM (2013) Adaptive time series compensator for delay compensation of servo-hydraulic actuator systems for real-time hybrid simulation. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 42(11):1697–1715, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2294
GB50010-2010 (2010) Code for design of concrete structure. GB50010-2010, China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese)
Ji X, Kajiwara K, Nagae T, Enokida R, Nakashima M (2009) A substructure shaking table test for reproduction of earthquake responses of high-rise buildings. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 38(12):1381–1399, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.907
Jing J, Clifton GC, Roy K, Lim JBP (2020a) Three-storey modular steel building with a novel slider device: Shake table tests on a scaled down model and numerical investigation. Thin-Walled Structures 155:106932, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106932
Jing J, Clifton GC, Roy K, Lim JBP (2020b) Performance of a novel slider device in multi-storey cold-formed steel modular buildings under seismic loading. Structures 27:212–24, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.05.051
Jing J, Clifton GC, Roy K, Lim JBP (2020c) Seismic protection of modular buildings with bonded rubber unit sliders: Experimental study. Thin-Walled Structures 154:106790, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106790
Lee SK, Park EC, Min KW, Park JH (2007) Real-time substructuring technique for the shaking table test of upper substructures. Engineering Structures 29(9):2219–2232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.11.013
Lowe D, Roy K, Das R Clifton GC, Lim JBP (2020) Full scale experiments on splitting behaviour of concrete slabs in steel concrete composite beams with shear stud connection. Structures 23:126–138, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2019.10.008
Mccrum DP, Broderick BM (2013) Evaluation of a substructured soft-real time hybrid test for performing seismic analysis of complex structural systems. Computers and Structures 129:111–119, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2013.02.009
Mccrum DP, Williams MS (2016) An overview of seismic hybrid testing of engineering structures. Engineering Structures 118:240–261, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.039
Nakata N, Stehman M (2012) Substructure shake table test method using a controlled mass: Formulation and numerical simulation. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 41(14):1977–1988, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2169
Neild SA, Stoten DP, Drury D, Wagg DJ (2005) Control issues relating to real-time substructuring experiments using a shaking table. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 34(9):1171–1192, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.473
Pinto AV, Pegon P, Magonette G, Tsionis G (2004) Pseudo-dynamic testing of bridges using non-linear substructuring. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 33(11):1125–1146, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.393
Schellenberg AH (2008) Advanced implementation of hybrid simulation. University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Schellenberg AH, Becker TC, Mahin SA (2017a) Hybrid shake table testing method: Theory implementation and application to midlevel isolation. Structural Control and Health Monitoring 24(5):e1915, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1915
Schellenberg AH, Shao B, Mahin SA (2017b) Developement of a large-scale 6dof hybrid shake table and application to testing response modification devices for tall buildings. Proceedings of the 16th world conference on earthquake engineering, January 8–13, Santiago, Chile
Shao X, Reinhorn AM, Sivaselvan MV (2011) Real-time hybrid simulation using shake tables and dynamic actuators. Journal of Structural Engineering 137(7):748–760, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000314
Stefanaki A, Sivaselvan MV, Tessari A, Whittaker A (2015) Soil-foundation-structure interaction using hybrid simulation. 23rd international conference on structural mechanics in reactor technology 2015 (SMiRT 23), August 10–14, Manchester, UK, 1–10
Terzic V, Stojadinovic B (2014) Hybrid simulation of bridge response to three-dimensional earthquake excitation followed by truck load. Journal of Structural Engineering 140(8):A4014010.1–A4014010.11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000913
Williams MS, Blakeborough A (2001) Laboratory testing of structures under dynamic loads: An introductory review. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 359(1786):1651–1669, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2001.0860
You S, Schellenberg AH (2017) Test rehearsal methods for quasi static and real-time hybrid simulations. 16th world conference on earthquake engineering, January 9–13, Santiago, Chile
Zhou MX, Wang JT, Jin F, Gui Y, Zhu F (2014) Real-time dynamic hybrid testing coupling finite element and shaking table. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 18(3–4):637–653, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2014.897276
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Paul Lehman of MTS Systems for helping reviewing this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, C., Cai, X., Dong, G. et al. Real-Time Hybrid Simulation of a Single-Span Girder Bridge Using a Shake Table Coupled with an Actuator. KSCE J Civ Eng 25, 2544–2554 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-1037-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-1037-2