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Dimensionality engineering of metal halide perovskites

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Abstract

Metal halide perovskites are a class of materials that are ideal for photodetectors and solar cells due to their excellent optoelectronic properties. Their low-cost and low temperature synthesis have made them attractive for extensive research aimed at revolutionizing the semiconductor industry. The rich chemistry of metal halide perovskites allows compositional engineering resulting in facile tuning of the desired optoelectronic properties. Moreover, using different experimental synthesis and deposition techniques such as solution processing, chemical vapor deposition and hot-injection methods, the dimensionality of the perovskites can be altered from 3D to 0D, each structure opening a new realm of applications due to their unique properties. Dimensionality engineering includes both morphological engineering-reducing the thickness of 3D perovskite into atomically thin films-and molecular engineering-incorporating long-chain organic cations into the perovskite mixture and changing the composition at the molecular level. The optoelectronic properties of the perovskite structure including its band gap, binding energy and carrier mobility depend on both its composition and dimensionality. The plethora of different photodetectors and solar cells that have been made with different compositions and dimensions of perovskite will be reviewed here. We will conclude our review by discussing the kinetics and dynamics of different dimensionalities, their inherent stability and toxicity issues, and how reaching similar performance to 3D in lower dimensionalities and their large-scale deployment can be achieved.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada through the Discovery Grant Program, the support of Canada Foundation for Innovation through John R. Evans Leaders Fund, the support through New Frontier in Research Fund, Dr. Robert Gillespie through the Dr Robert Gillespie graduate Scholarship, and the Pengrowth-Nova Scotia Energy through the Pengrowth Energy Innovation Grant. The authors acknowledge the support of Dean Grijm, Mark Leblanc and Greg Everett in completing this project.

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3J 1Z1, Canada

    Rashad F. Kahwagi, Sean T. Thornton, Ben Smith & Ghada I. Koleilat

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  1. Rashad F. Kahwagi
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Correspondence to Ghada I. Koleilat.

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The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Rashad Kahwagi received a M.Sc. degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Balamand, Lebanon in 2018 and is currently pursuing a Ph.D. degree at Dalhousie University, Canada under the supervision of Prof. Ghada Koleilat. His research focus is mainly on the different treatment development for perovskite materials in solar cells, with a future concentration on various energy generator applications.

Sean Thornton received a B.Eng. degree in Environmental Engineering from Dalhousie University, Canada in 2019. He is currently a Ph.D. student in Chemical Engineering at Dalhousie University, Canada under the supervision of Prof. Ghada Koleilat. His research interest is low-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells.

Ben Smith received a bachelor’s degree in Materials Engineering from Dalhousie University, Canada and is currently pursuing a MASc in Chemical Engineering under the supervision of Prof. Ghada Koleilat. His current research interests focus on advanced materials in photovoltaic applications, including metal halide perovskites, and conductive polymer electrodes.

Prof. Ghada Koleilat received her BASc (2006) in Electrical Engineering from Concordia University, Canada, her MASc (2008) and her Ph.D. (2012) degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Toronto, Canada. During her graduate studies, she developed the world’s first functional colloidal quantum dot tandem solar cell employing a single quantum tuned material. She also conceived a material processing that enabled prolonged stability and improved electrical properties in photovoltaic junctions based on colloidal quantum dots. Before joining Dalhousie University, Canada in August 2016, Koleilat did her postdoctoral training at Stanford University, USA where she investigated the properties of single walled carbon nanotubes and their potential in photovoltaics. She has received several prestigious highly competitive awards for her research work, most recently she was one of the first awardee of the New Frontiers in Research Fund (Exploration stream). Her group focuses on investigating the properties of advanced materials for use in energy conversion applications.

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Kahwagi, R.F., Thornton, S.T., Smith, B. et al. Dimensionality engineering of metal halide perovskites. Front. Optoelectron. 13, 196–224 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12200-020-1039-6

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