Correction to: Expertise Development in the Workplace Through Deliberate Practice and Progressive Problem Solving: Insights from Business-to-Business Sales Departments

Expertise is featured by continued high performance in a particular domain. Expertise research has primarily focused on absolute expertise in structured domains such as chess and emphasized the significance of deliberate practice for expertise development. We investigated the development of relative expertise in commercial domains as part of ill-structured domains. Due to the ill-structuredness and acknowledging the use of the term expert in organizational practice, we developed a taxonomy to distinguish between four types of experts in the broader sense (relative expert, managerial relative expert, evolved specialist, and native specialist). Eighteen peer-nominated individuals from business-to-business sales departments from four German organizations participated in our interview study. A content analysis was applied using both deductive and inductive categorizations. The interview data clearly corresponds to the concept of progressive problem solving rather than to the concept of deliberate practice. Almost all our respondents referred to either “being thrown in at the deep end” by others (assigned complex tasks) or “jumping in at the deep end” of one’s own accord (self- selected complex tasks). However, the interview partners described features of deliberate practice for novices. In this very early stage of expertise development, more experienced colleagues structure parts of the ill-structured domain and enable deliberate practice while for advanced beginners and later stages expert development rather resembles progressive problem solving. Our results provide implications on how to foster expertise development in ill-structured domains. Possible limitations arise from the small sample, the peer-nomination process, and the retrospective nature of interview data.

On page 5, Ericsson (2018a) was corrected to Ericsson (2018aEricsson ( , 2018b. On page 6, ) was corrected to (e.g., ). On page 6, "We refer to this narrowing down of work tasks as specialization." was expanded to "This narrowing down of work tasks is referred to as specialization (e.g., Becker & Murphy, 1992)." On page 6, the sentence "Absolute expertise (Chi, 2006) refers to chance (e.g., availability of a coach) and to some extent an individual's innate talent (e.g., reaction time) which facilitates reaching absolute expertise." Was clarified to "Absolute expertise (Chi, 2006, p. 22) refers to "chance" (e.g., availability of a coach) and to some extent an individual's "innate talent" (e.g., reaction time) which facilitates reaching absolute expertise." On page 7, "… not knowing the social environment, and not knowing the products." was expanded to "… not knowing the social environment, and not knowing the products (see also expertise's dependency on contextual cues; Green et al., 2019)." On page 7, "… even individuals outside of the organization such as customers or suppliers." was expanded to "… even individuals outside of the organization such as customers or suppliers (see also peer-nomination in methods below)." On page 7, "Specialists, who handle a unique cluster of work tasks in an organization that requires specialized knowledge (Mieg, 2001), are usually included in so-called expert career paths." was improved to "Specialist who handles a unique cluster of work tasks in an organization that requires specialized knowledge (e.g., Becker & Murphy, 1992) might be included in so-called expert career paths." On page 7, Hatano and Inagaki (1986) … (pp. 266) was corrected to .
On page 9, the sentence "Deliberate practice is so demanding that it can only be maintained for a short time (Ericsson et al., 1993, p. 369 and 391;Ericsson, 2018b) … and is described as not inherently motivating (Ericsson et al., 1993, p. 368;Ericsson, 2018b) whereas in the workplace such an approach is presumably rare (e.g.,

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Correction to: Expertise Development in the Workplace Through… SECOND AUTHOR, 2013)." Was corrected and clarified to "Deliberate practice is so demanding "that [it] can be sustained only for a limited time each day" (Ericsson et al., 1993, p. 369; see also Ericsson et al., 1993, p. 391 andEricsson, 2018b) … and is described as "not inherently motivating" (Ericsson et al., 1993, p. 368; see also Ericsson, 2018b) whereas in the workplace such an approach is presumably rare (e.g., Rausch, 2013).
On page 10, the sentence Individuals engaging in either of these practices are on the edge of their competence to increase their competence while actively going beyond well-known routines (Bereiter & Scardamalia, 1993, p. 78, 98;Ericsson et al., 1993). Was clarified to Individuals engaging in either of these practices are on "the edge of their competence" (Bereiter & Scardamalia, 1993, p. 98) to increase their competence while actively going beyond well-known routines (Bereiter & Scardamalia, 1993, p. 78, 98;Ericsson et al., 1993).
On page 11, the sentence "… exceeds the average of 5000 h of deliberate practice of expert violinists in one study (Ericsson, 2013)" was clarified to "… exceeds the average of 5000 h of deliberate practice of some expert violinists in one study (Ericsson, 2013)".
On page 16, "The expertise in the former domain will sooner or later fade … forget parts of the expert knowledge." was expanded to "The expertise in the former domain will sooner or later fade … forget parts of the expert knowledge (e.g., Ackerman, 2011)." On page 17, "… will fade over time due to technological changes and a lack of maintenance of expertise." was expanded to "… will fade over time due to technological changes and a lack of maintenance of expertise (e.g., Ackerman, 2011)." On page 17, "Time spent in the work domain is necessary but not sufficient for expertise development …" was expanded to "Time spent in the work domain is necessary but not sufficient for expertise development (e.g., Ericsson, 2008) …" On page 17, "Being entrusted with these kinds of tasks … key factor for one's expertise development." was expanded to "Being entrusted with these kinds of tasks … key factor for one's expertise development (see also workplace affordances; Billett, 2001)." On page 17, "… complex tasks which in turn fosters the further development of one's expertise." was expanded to "… complex tasks which in turn fosters the further development of one's expertise (e.g., Billett, 2001;e.g., Mieg, 2001)" On page 18, "Perceived motivation, competence, and personality affect who is "thrown in" and who is not." was expanded to "Perceived motivation, competence, and personality affect who is "thrown in" and who is not (e.g., see also workplace affordances and engagement; Billett, 2001; see also agency; e.g., Goller, 2017)." On page 18, "This is in line with Guile and Griffiths (2001) and Billett et al. (2018)" was corrected to "This is in line with, for instance, , Macnamara, Hambrick, and Oswald (2014), and Billett, Harteis, and Gruber (2018)".
On page 19, "business-to-business domain" was corrected to "business-to-business sales domain".