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3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol Monoesters Food Contaminant Analysis in Palm Oil-Based Food Samples Using C18-Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with GC-FID

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Abstract

3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) monoesters are a form of 3-MCPD esters known as potential food contaminant that may occur in a variety of food samples. A dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) was developed to provide clean-up and pre-concentration in the determination of 1-palmitoyl-3-MCPD and 1-oleoyl-3-MCPD prior to gas chromatography-flame ionization detector analysis (GC-FID). Dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) involves the direct addition of C18 sorbent into the sample solution and the subsequent collection of the aqueous solution. After separation of target analytes with matrices, the analytes were quantified using GC-FID. Under optimum conditions (6 mL of 80:20 v/v of ACN; ethyl acetate as extraction solvent, 10 mg of C18 sorbent, 10 µL of reconstituted solvent volume, and 300 µL of sample volume), the proposed method was validated and the calibration curve was found to be linear with R2 > 0.998. The limit of detection (LOD) of 1.03 mg L−1 and 2.00 mg L−1 were obtained for 1-palmitoyl-3-MCPD and 1-oleoyl-3-MCPD, respectively, whereby the limit of quantification (LOQ) obtained for 1-palmitoyl-3-MCPD and 1-oleoyl-3-MCPD were 3.43 mg L−1 and 6.68 mg L−1, respectively. The developed method was applied to seven palm oil-based food samples where the amount of 3-MCPD detected was higher than recommended by the European Food Safety and Authority (ESFA). The recoveries for spiked samples ranged from 59.3 to 115.9% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for inter-day and intra-day was less than 15%. The method was applied for the determination of 3-MCPD monoesters in palm oil-based food samples.

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Funding

This work was supported by funding from Universiti Sains Malaysia (Research University Grants: 1001/PKIMIA/8011137) and the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS: 203/PKIMIA/6711924).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Nur Hasanah Mohd Jumali, Shangeetha Ganesan & Mazidatulakmam Miskam

  2. Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200, Bertam, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

    Noorfatimah Yahaya

Authors
  1. Nur Hasanah Mohd Jumali
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  2. Shangeetha Ganesan
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  3. Noorfatimah Yahaya
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  4. Mazidatulakmam Miskam
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All authors contributed equally to this work.

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Correspondence to Mazidatulakmam Miskam.

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Nur Hasanah Mohd Jumali declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Shangeetha Ganesan declares that she has no conflict of interest.

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Mazidatulakmam Miskam declares that she has no conflict of interest.

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Jumali, N.H.M., Ganesan, S., Yahaya, N. et al. 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol Monoesters Food Contaminant Analysis in Palm Oil-Based Food Samples Using C18-Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with GC-FID. Food Anal. Methods 14, 2101–2110 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-021-02040-1

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