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The role of time perspective and mindfulness on life satisfaction in the United States of America, Spain, Poland and Japan: A cross-cultural study

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Abstract

We assessed the cross-cultural role of Time Perspective (TP) tendencies [Past Positive (PP), Past Negative (PN), Present Hedonistic (PH), Present Fatalistic (PF), and Future (F)], the Deviation from a Balanced Time Perspective (DBTP) profile, the Deviation from a Negative Time Perspective (DNTP) profile, and mindfulness on life satisfaction (LS). The sample consisted of psychology undergraduate students (N = 867, MAGE = 20.19, SD = 3.417) in four countries: USA, Spain, Poland and Japan. We used a 17-item short version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in all countries. For ensuring measurement invariance, we conducted pairwise CFAs for the ZTPI-17, MAAS and SWLS. Regression analyses showed that PN predicted decreased LS in Poland and Japan. PP predicted increased LS in Spain. F predicted increased LS in Poland. DNTP predicted decreased LS in Poland. Mindfulness predicted decreased LS in Japan and increased LS in USA, Spain and Poland. Moreover, mediation analyses revealed that the DBTP partially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and LS in Spain and USA. The DNTP partially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and LS in Spain, Poland and Japan (opposite direction). The findings suggest that the association of TP, mindfulness and LS differs across the investigated countries as a function of culture.

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Data Availability

From this study, part of the data collected in Spain was included in this published article: Muro, A., Feliu-Soler, A., Castellà, J., Deví, J., & Soler, J. (2017). Does time perspective predict life satisfaction? A study including mindfulness as a measure of time experience in a sample of Catalan students. Mindfulness, 8(3), 655–663. Similarly, part of the data collected in Poland was included in this published article: Stolarski, M., Vowinckel, J., Jankowski, K. S., & Zajenkowski, M. (2016). Mind the balance, be contented: Balanced time perspective mediates the relationship between mindfulness and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 27–31.

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Acknowledgements

L.A.O.F. thanks Sarah Burke from Yale University for having served as statistical consultant for this study.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) under a Loan Repayment Program (LRP) Award: Clinical – Extramural – Disadvantaged Background (#1L32MD009360-01); National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)/National Research Service Award (NRSA) under a Post-Doctoral Fellowship Award on Functional Disability Interventions (#2T32MH062994-11); the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs under a service contract (VA243-14-C-0271), a “Sara Borrell” research contract from the ISCIII (CD16/00147), and the University of Warsaw-Faculty of Psychology under an institutional grant.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Yale University School of Medicine-Department of Psychiatry, 300 George Street # 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA

    Lening A. Olivera-Figueroa

  2. Rutgers New Jersey Medical School-Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Newark, NJ, USA

    Lening A. Olivera-Figueroa & Richard J. Servatius

  3. Syracuse Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Stress & Motivated Behavior Institute (SMBI), Syracuse, NY, USA

    Lening A. Olivera-Figueroa & Richard J. Servatius

  4. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Department of Basic, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Barcelona, Spain

    Anna Muro & Albert Feliu-Soler

  5. Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu-Teaching, Research and Innovation Unit, Barcelona, Spain

    Albert Feliu-Soler

  6. University of Tsukuba-Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan

    Yuta Chishima

  7. University of Warsaw-Faculty of Psychology, Warsaw, Poland

    Konrad S. Jankowski

  8. University of Northern Colorado-School of Psychological Sciences, College of Education and Behavioural Sciences, Greeley, CO, USA

    Michael Todd Allen

  9. Ludwigshafen University of Business and Society, East-Asia Institute, Rheinpromenade 12, Ludwigshafen, 67061, Germany

    Alexander Unger

  10. Ludwigshafen University of Business and Society, Institute of International Management Studies (IIMS), Ernst-Böhe Str. 4, Ludwigshafen, 67059, Germany

    Julie Papastamatelou

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  1. Lening A. Olivera-Figueroa
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Olivera-Figueroa, L.A., Muro, A., Feliu-Soler, A. et al. The role of time perspective and mindfulness on life satisfaction in the United States of America, Spain, Poland and Japan: A cross-cultural study. Curr Psychol 42, 17682–17699 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02756-1

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